<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1728-8800-2015-5-13-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-159</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АРТЕРИАЛЬНАЯ ГИПЕРТОНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВЛИЯНИЕ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ АНТИГИПЕРТЕНЗИВНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЕ ДАВЛЕНИЕ И АРТЕРИАЛЬНУЮ РИГИДНОСТЬ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>IMPACT OF MODERN ANTIHYPERTENSION MEDICATIONS ON THE CENTRAL PRESSURE AND ARTERIAL RIGIDITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусаковская</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusakovskaya</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры терапии</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gusakovskaya58@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Томашевская</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tomashevskaya</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры терапии</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хромова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khromova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры терапии</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВПО "Пензенский государственный университет". Пенза, Россия</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSBEI "Penza State University". Penza, Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гусаковская Л.И., Томашевская Ю.А., Хромова А.А., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гусаковская Л.И., Томашевская Ю.А., Хромова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gusakovskaya L.I., Tomashevskaya Y.A., Khromova A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/159">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/159</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На фоне фармакотерапии К наблюдалась достовер­ная динамика давления в аорте и плечевой артерии по данным суточного мониторирования. Отмечено снижение среднесуточных значений центральной скорости распространения пульсовой волны (СРПВ) на 5,2% (р&lt;0,01) при отсутствии неблагоприятного воздействия на отраженную пульсовую волну. По результатам объемной сфигмографии выявлено достоверное уменьшение СРПВ в аорте на 13%, в артериях преимущественно эластического типа на 6% и мышечного — на 14% (р&lt;0,05). При изучении ПЗВД в пробе с постокклюзионной реактивной гиперемией терапия К также способствовала улучшению эндотелиальной функции. Заключение. 16-недельная терапия К, помимо нормализации АД в артериях различного калибра, способствовала достоверному улуч­шению структурно-функциональных свойств сосудистой стенки. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. To study the impact of 16-week pharmacotherapy with а1,в- adrenoblocker carvedilol (С) on the parameters of pressure and vascular rigidity in arteries of different size in 1-2 grade arterial hypertension (AH) patients.</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Totally 36 patients studied with AH of 1-2 grade at the age 49,9±9,4 y.o. We analyzed structural-functional parameters of the vessel wall, using methods of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring and assessment of the rigidity by Vasera-1000 equipment and current- related vasodilation (CRVD) in test with post occlusion reactive hyperemia by ultrasound device My Lab 90. All patients received С during 16 weeks treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. At the background of pharmacotherapy, there was significant dynamic of aortic pressure by the data of 24-hour monitoring. There was a decrease of the mean 24-hour values of the central velocity of pulse wave (PWV) by 5,2% (p&lt;0,01) with the absence of adverse influence on reflected pulse wave. By the data of volume-related sphygmography there was significant decrease of PWV in aorta by 13%, in mostly elastic arteries by 6% and muscular type — by 14% (p&lt;0,05). While studying CRVD in post occlusion reactive hyperemia test the С therapy has also supported the improvement of endothelial function. Conclusion. 16-week С therapy, except BP normalization in various caliber arteries, improved structural-functional properties of the vessel wall.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>в-адреноблокаторы</kwd><kwd>центральное (аортальное) давление</kwd><kwd>жесткость артерий</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd><kwd>в-adrenoblockers</kwd><kwd>central (aortic) pressure</kwd><kwd>arterial stiffness</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">KobalavaZhD. New European guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: long-awaited answers and new questions. Arterial hypertension 2014; 1(20): 19-26. Russian (КобалаваЖ.Д. Новые Европейские рекомендации по артериальной гипертонии: долгожданные ответы и новые вопросы. Артериальная гипертензия 2014; 1(20): 19-26).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KobalavaZhD. New European guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: long-awaited answers and new questions. Arterial hypertension 2014; 1(20): 19-26. Russian (КобалаваЖ.Д. Новые Европейские рекомендации по артериальной гипертонии: долгожданные ответы и новые вопросы. Артериальная гипертензия 2014; 1(20): 19-26).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diagnostics and treatment of arterial hypertension. Russian guidelines (fourthreview). System hypertensia 2010; 3:5-26. Russian (Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертензии. Российские рекомендации (четвертый пересмотр). Системные гипертензии 2010; 3: 5-26).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diagnostics and treatment of arterial hypertension. Russian guidelines (fourthreview). System hypertensia 2010; 3:5-26. Russian (Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертензии. Российские рекомендации (четвертый пересмотр). Системные гипертензии 2010; 3: 5-26).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutouyrie Р, Achouba A, Trunet Р, Laurent S. Amlodipine-valsartan combination decreases central systolic blood pressure more effectively than the amlodipineatenolol combination: the EXPLOR study. Hypertension 2010; 55(6): 1314-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boutouyrie Р, Achouba A, Trunet Р, Laurent S. Amlodipine-valsartan combination decreases central systolic blood pressure more effectively than the amlodipineatenolol combination: the EXPLOR study. Hypertension 2010; 55(6): 1314-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Reappraisal of the European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. Hypertension 2009; 27(11): 2121-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Reappraisal of the European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. Hypertension 2009; 27(11): 2121-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belousov YB, Kukes VG, Lepahin VK, et al. Clinical pharmacology: national guidelines. M .: GEOTAR-Media, 2009; 976 p. Russian (Белоусов Ю.Б., Кукес В. Г., Лепахин В. К. и др. Клиническая фармакология: национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009; 976 с).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov YB, Kukes VG, Lepahin VK, et al. Clinical pharmacology: national guidelines. M .: GEOTAR-Media, 2009; 976 p. Russian (Белоусов Ю.Б., Кукес В. Г., Лепахин В. К. и др. Клиническая фармакология: национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009; 976 с).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nedogoda SV. Control of heart rate and elasticity of a vascular wall at treatment of arterial hypertension: how to reach the first one, without having worsened the second? Kardiologiia 2014; 3: 71-6. Russian (НедогодаС.В. Контроль частоты сердечных сокращений и эластичность сосудистой стенки при лечении артериальной гипертензии: как достичь первого, не ухудшив второго? Кардиология 2014; 3:71-6).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedogoda SV. Control of heart rate and elasticity of a vascular wall at treatment of arterial hypertension: how to reach the first one, without having worsened the second? Kardiologiia 2014; 3: 71-6. Russian (НедогодаС.В. Контроль частоты сердечных сокращений и эластичность сосудистой стенки при лечении артериальной гипертензии: как достичь первого, не ухудшив второго? Кардиология 2014; 3:71-6).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">User Guide BPLab V. 3.2, Part 1, 2010; 149 p. Russian (Руководство пользователя ПО BPLab V. 3.2, Масть 1, 2010; 149 с).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">User Guide BPLab V. 3.2, Part 1, 2010; 149 p. Russian (Руководство пользователя ПО BPLab V. 3.2, Масть 1, 2010; 149 с).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotovskaya YV, Kravtsova OA, Pavlova EA. New in therapeutic strategy. Arterial hypertension 2014; 1(20):27-32. Russian (Котовская Ю. В., Кравцова О. A., Павлова Е.А. Новое в терапевтических стратегиях. Артериальная гипертензия 2014; 1(20): 27-32).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotovskaya YV, Kravtsova OA, Pavlova EA. New in therapeutic strategy. Arterial hypertension 2014; 1(20):27-32. Russian (Котовская Ю. В., Кравцова О. A., Павлова Е.А. Новое в терапевтических стратегиях. Артериальная гипертензия 2014; 1(20): 27-32).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 25(9): 1105-87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 25(9): 1105-87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doumas M, Gkaliagkousi E, Katsiki N. The Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on Arterial Stiffness and Central Hemodynamics: Not All Fingers are Made the Same. The Open Hypertens J 2013; 5(Suppl.1:M5): 75-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doumas M, Gkaliagkousi E, Katsiki N. The Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on Arterial Stiffness and Central Hemodynamics: Not All Fingers are Made the Same. The Open Hypertens J 2013; 5(Suppl.1:M5): 75-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Luca N, Asmar RG, London GM. REASON Project Investigators. Selective reduction of cardiac mass and central blood pressure on low-dose combination perindopril/indapamide in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 22:1623-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Luca N, Asmar RG, London GM. REASON Project Investigators. Selective reduction of cardiac mass and central blood pressure on low-dose combination perindopril/indapamide in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 22:1623-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Kostis JB, Pepine CJ. Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers a critical review of the evidence. JACC 2007; 50: 563-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Kostis JB, Pepine CJ. Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers a critical review of the evidence. JACC 2007; 50: 563-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roman MJ, Kizer JR, Ali T, et aJ. Central blood pressure better predicts cardiovascular events than does peripheral blood pressure: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112 (suppl.11): 11-778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roman MJ, Kizer JR, Ali T, et aJ. Central blood pressure better predicts cardiovascular events than does peripheral blood pressure: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112 (suppl.11): 11-778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katakami N, Osonoi T, Takahara M, et al. Clinical utility of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in the prediction of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Cardiovascular</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katakami N, Osonoi T, Takahara M, et al. Clinical utility of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in the prediction of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Cardiovascular</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diabetology 2014; 13:128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diabetology 2014; 13:128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang G, Zheng L, Li X, et al. Using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to screen for metabolic syndrome in community populations. Scientific Reports 2015; 5:9438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang G, Zheng L, Li X, et al. Using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to screen for metabolic syndrome in community populations. Scientific Reports 2015; 5:9438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun C. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as an indicator of arterial stiffness. Integr Blood Press Control 2013; 6: 27-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun C. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as an indicator of arterial stiffness. Integr Blood Press Control 2013; 6: 27-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kartasheva ED, Linchak RM. Role of p-blockers in treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: accent on carvedilol. Difficult patient 2010; 5(8): 21-7. Russian (Карташева Е.Д., ЛинчакР.М. Роль p-адреноблокаторов в лечении и профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний: акцент на карведилол. Трудный пациент 2010; 5(8): 21-7).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kartasheva ED, Linchak RM. Role of p-blockers in treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: accent on carvedilol. Difficult patient 2010; 5(8): 21-7. Russian (Карташева Е.Д., ЛинчакР.М. Роль p-адреноблокаторов в лечении и профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний: акцент на карведилол. Трудный пациент 2010; 5(8): 21-7).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez BL, Christopher ТА, YUe TL, et al. Carvedilol, a new beta-adrenoreceptor blocker antihypertensive drug, protects against free-radical-induced endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacology 1995; 51(3): 165-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez BL, Christopher ТА, YUe TL, et al. Carvedilol, a new beta-adrenoreceptor blocker antihypertensive drug, protects against free-radical-induced endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacology 1995; 51(3): 165-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension 2004; 292(18): 2227-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension 2004; 292(18): 2227-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nebiyeridze DV. Clinical value of endotelial dysfunction in arterial hypertension. System hypertension 2005; 7(1):43-9. Russian (Небиеридзе Д.В. Клиническое значение дисфункции эндотелия при артериальной гипертонии. Системные гипертензии 2005; 7(1): 43-9).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nebiyeridze DV. Clinical value of endotelial dysfunction in arterial hypertension. System hypertension 2005; 7(1):43-9. Russian (Небиеридзе Д.В. Клиническое значение дисфункции эндотелия при артериальной гипертонии. Системные гипертензии 2005; 7(1): 43-9).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Careri G, Neria R, Di Monaco A. Clinical correlates and prognostic value of flow mediated dilation in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111(1): 51-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Careri G, Neria R, Di Monaco A. Clinical correlates and prognostic value of flow mediated dilation in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111(1): 51-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oleynikov VE, Matrosova IB. Vascular remodeling in arterial hypertension in patients older than 60 years. Features of therapy correction. Materials of the XVI Russian National Congress "Human and medicine". Moscow 2010; 2: 200-17. Russian (Олейников В.Э., Матросова И.Б. Сосудистое ремоделирование при артериальной гипертонии у лиц старше 60 лет. Возможности медикаментозной коррекции. Труды XVI Российского национального конгресса "Человек и лекарство". Москва 2010; 2: 200-17).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleynikov VE, Matrosova IB. Vascular remodeling in arterial hypertension in patients older than 60 years. Features of therapy correction. Materials of the XVI Russian National Congress "Human and medicine". Moscow 2010; 2: 200-17. Russian (Олейников В.Э., Матросова И.Б. Сосудистое ремоделирование при артериальной гипертонии у лиц старше 60 лет. Возможности медикаментозной коррекции. Труды XVI Российского национального конгресса "Человек и лекарство". Москва 2010; 2: 200-17).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jost S, Deckers J, Rafflenbeul W, et al. International nifedipine trial on antiatherosclerotic therapy (INTACT) — methodologic implications and results of a coronary angiographic follow-up study using computer-assisted film analysis. Int J Card Imaging 1990-1991; 6(2): 117-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jost S, Deckers J, Rafflenbeul W, et al. International nifedipine trial on antiatherosclerotic therapy (INTACT) — methodologic implications and results of a coronary angiographic follow-up study using computer-assisted film analysis. Int J Card Imaging 1990-1991; 6(2): 117-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
