<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-1653</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вазопротекция и нефропротекция: звенья одной цепи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vasoprotection and nephroprotection: links of the same chain</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загидуллин</surname><given-names>Н. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagidullin</surname><given-names>N. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ассистент кафедры</p><p>Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ufa</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nau36@ufanet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загидуллин</surname><given-names>Ш. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagidullin</surname><given-names>Sh. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ufa</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валеева</surname><given-names>К. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valeeva</surname><given-names>K. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Интерн кафедры</p><p>Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ufa</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГОУ ВПО “Башкирский государственный медицинский университет Росздрава”</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>1970</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Загидуллин Н.Ш., Загидуллин Ш.З., Валеева К.Ф., 1970</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1970</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Загидуллин Н.Ш., Загидуллин Ш.З., Валеева К.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zagidullin N.S., Zagidullin S.Z., Valeeva K.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1653">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1653</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние годы микроальбуминурия (МАУ) эволюционировала от индикатора дисфункции почечных артерий до маркера системной дисфункции эндотелия, отражающего риск развития неблагоприятных сердечно-сосудистых событий. МАУ также служит достоверным маркером поражения и сосудистых бассейнов, таких как сосуды почек, конечностей, аорты, мозга. Поэтому первичная и вторичная профилактика МАУ, осуществляемая с помощью ингибирования эффектов ангиотензина II, а зачастую, с помощью комбинированной терапии, является одной из важнейших целей нефро-, кардиои вазопротекции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recently, the perception of microalbuminuria (MAU) has progressed from an indicator of renal artery dysfunction to a marker of systemic endothelial dysfunction, predicting cardiovascular risk. MAU is also a significant marker of vascular pathology, including renal, peripheral, cerebral vessels and aorta. Therefore, primary and secondary MAU prevention with angiotensin II inhibition (often as a part of combined therapy) is one of the main goals in nephro-, cardioand vasoprotection.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эндотелиальная дисфункция</kwd><kwd>микроальбуминурия</kwd><kwd>нефропротекция</kwd><kwd>вазопротекция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Endothelial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>microalbuminuria</kwd><kwd>nephroprotection</kwd><kwd>vasoprotection</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmieder RE, Schrader J, Zidek W, et al. Low-grade albuminuria and cardiovascular risk. What is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96: 247-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmieder RE, Schrader J, Zidek W, et al. Low-grade albuminuria and cardiovascular risk. What is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96: 247-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brownlee M, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Advanced products of nonenzymatic glycosylation and the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4: 437-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brownlee M, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Advanced products of nonenzymatic glycosylation and the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4: 437-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakatta EG, Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises. Part I: aging arteries: a ‘‘set up’’ for vascular disease. Circulation 2003; 107: 139-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakatta EG, Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises. Part I: aging arteries: a ‘‘set up’’ for vascular disease. Circulation 2003; 107: 139-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen JS. Renal and systemic transvascular albumin leakage in severe atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 1324-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen JS. Renal and systemic transvascular albumin leakage in severe atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 1324-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuyun MF, Khaw KT, Luben R, et al. A prospective study of microalbuminuria and incident coronary heart disease and its prognostic significance in a British population: the EPICNorfolk study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 284-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuyun MF, Khaw KT, Luben R, et al. A prospective study of microalbuminuria and incident coronary heart disease and its prognostic significance in a British population: the EPICNorfolk study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 284-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi MC, Nicolucci A, Pellegrini F, et al. Identifying patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of microalbuminuria: results of the DEMAND (Developing Education on Microalbuminuria for Awareness of reNal and cardiovascular risk in Diabetes) Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1278-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi MC, Nicolucci A, Pellegrini F, et al. Identifying patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of microalbuminuria: results of the DEMAND (Developing Education on Microalbuminuria for Awareness of reNal and cardiovascular risk in Diabetes) Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1278-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garg AX, Kiberd BA, Clark WF et al. Albuminuria and renal insufficiency prevalence guides population screening: results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 2165-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garg AX, Kiberd BA, Clark WF et al. Albuminuria and renal insufficiency prevalence guides population screening: results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 2165-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanaya AM, Barrett-Connor E, Gildengorin G, Yaffe K. Change in cognitive function by glucose tolerance status in older adults: a 4-year prospective study of the Rancho Bernardo study cohort. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 132733.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanaya AM, Barrett-Connor E, Gildengorin G, Yaffe K. Change in cognitive function by glucose tolerance status in older adults: a 4-year prospective study of the Rancho Bernardo study cohort. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 132733.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001; 286: 421-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001; 286: 421-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CD. Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109(2): 143-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schalkwijk CG, Stehouwer CD. Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109(2): 143-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schalkwijk CG, Poland DC, van Dijk W et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein is increased in type I diabetic patients without clinical macroangiopathy and correlates with markers of endothelial dysfunction: evidence for chronic inflammation. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 351-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schalkwijk CG, Poland DC, van Dijk W et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein is increased in type I diabetic patients without clinical macroangiopathy and correlates with markers of endothelial dysfunction: evidence for chronic inflammation. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 351-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stehouwer CD, Fischer HR, van Kuijk AW et al. Endothelial dysfunction precedes development of microalbuminuria in IDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44: 561-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stehouwer CD, Fischer HR, van Kuijk AW et al. Endothelial dysfunction precedes development of microalbuminuria in IDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44: 561-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson TK, Hellsten G, Amiral J. Plasma thrombomodulin concentrations in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in a population sample. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1993; 4: 4558.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson TK, Hellsten G, Amiral J. Plasma thrombomodulin concentrations in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in a population sample. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1993; 4: 4558.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inukai T, Fujiwara Y, Tayama K et al. Clinical significance of measurements of urinary and serum thrombomodulins in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996; 33: 99-104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inukai T, Fujiwara Y, Tayama K et al. Clinical significance of measurements of urinary and serum thrombomodulins in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996; 33: 99-104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin J., Glynn R.J., Rifai N. et al. Inflammation and Progressive Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 2338-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin J., Glynn R.J., Rifai N. et al. Inflammation and Progressive Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 2338-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathke CN, Persson F, Tarnow L, et al. YKL-40, a Marker of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction, Is Elevated in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Increases With Levels of Albuminuria. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 323-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathke CN, Persson F, Tarnow L, et al. YKL-40, a Marker of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction, Is Elevated in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Increases With Levels of Albuminuria. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 323-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simonsen U, Christensen FH, Buus NH. The effect of tempol on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and blood pressure. Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics 2009; 122: 109-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonsen U, Christensen FH, Buus NH. The effect of tempol on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and blood pressure. Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics 2009; 122: 109-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flowmediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the international brachial artery reactivity task force. JACC 2002; 39: 257-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flowmediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the international brachial artery reactivity task force. JACC 2002; 39: 257-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narayanan IV, Jacobs JrDR, Duprez D, et al. Association between Endothelial Biomarkers and Arterial Elasticity in Young Adults – The CARDIA Study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2008; 2(2): 70-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narayanan IV, Jacobs JrDR, Duprez D, et al. Association between Endothelial Biomarkers and Arterial Elasticity in Young Adults – The CARDIA Study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2008; 2(2): 70-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temelkova-Kurkitschiev TS, Koehler C, Henkel E, et al. Post-challenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1c level. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1830-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temelkova-Kurkitschiev TS, Koehler C, Henkel E, et al. Post-challenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1c level. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1830-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MykkanenL,ZaccaroDJ,O’LearyDH,etal.Microalbuminuria and carotid artery intima-media thickness in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects. Stroke 1997; 28: 1710-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MykkanenL,ZaccaroDJ,O’LearyDH,etal.Microalbuminuria and carotid artery intima-media thickness in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects. Stroke 1997; 28: 1710-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mule G, Cottone S, Vadala A, et al. Relationship between albumin excretion rate and aortic stiffness in untreated essential hypertensive patients. J Intern Med 2004; 256(1): 22-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mule G, Cottone S, Vadala A, et al. Relationship between albumin excretion rate and aortic stiffness in untreated essential hypertensive patients. J Intern Med 2004; 256(1): 22-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbatecola AM, Barbieri M, Rizzo MR, et al. Arterial Stiffness and Cognition in Elderly Persons With Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Microalbuminuria 2008; 63A: 9: 9916.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbatecola AM, Barbieri M, Rizzo MR, et al. Arterial Stiffness and Cognition in Elderly Persons With Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Microalbuminuria 2008; 63A: 9: 9916.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. Albuminuria – a marker of renal and Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 1989; 32(10): 766-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. Albuminuria – a marker of renal and Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 1989; 32(10): 766-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu JE, Robbins DC, Palmieri V, et al. Association of albuminuria with systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. JACC 2003; 41: 2022-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu JE, Robbins DC, Palmieri V, et al. Association of albuminuria with systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. JACC 2003; 41: 2022-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wachtell K, Olsen MH, Dahlof B, et al. Microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 405-12. What is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96: 247-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wachtell K, Olsen MH, Dahlof B, et al. Microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 405-12. What is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96: 247-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Odili AN. Prevalemce and clinical correlatesof microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed hypertensive subjects. Niger J Med 2008; 17(4): 452-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odili AN. Prevalemce and clinical correlatesof microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed hypertensive subjects. Niger J Med 2008; 17(4): 452-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naess IA, Christiansen SC, Romundstad P, et al. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5(4): 692-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naess IA, Christiansen SC, Romundstad P, et al. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5(4): 692-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmoodi BK, Gansevoort RT, Nic JG, et al. Thromboembolism Microalbuminuria and Risk of Venous JAMA 2009; 301(17): 1790-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmoodi BK, Gansevoort RT, Nic JG, et al. Thromboembolism Microalbuminuria and Risk of Venous JAMA 2009; 301(17): 1790-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hillege HL, Janssen WM, Bak AA, et al. PREVEND Study Group. Microalbuminuria is common, also in a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive population, and an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity. J Intern Med 2001; 249(6): 519-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hillege HL, Janssen WM, Bak AA, et al. PREVEND Study Group. Microalbuminuria is common, also in a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive population, and an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity. J Intern Med 2001; 249(6): 519-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1703-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1703-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ritz E. Albuminuria and vascular damage– the vicious twins. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2349-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ritz E. Albuminuria and vascular damage– the vicious twins. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2349-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gansevoort RT, de Jong PE. The case for using albuminuria in staging chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20(3): 465-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gansevoort RT, de Jong PE. The case for using albuminuria in staging chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20(3): 465-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Benigni A. Understanding the nature of renal disease progression. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 2-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Benigni A. Understanding the nature of renal disease progression. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 2-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ljungman S, Wikstrand J, Hartford M, Berglund G. Urinary albumin excretion – a predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease. A prospective 10-year follow-up of middle-aged nondiabetic normal and hypertensive men. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 770-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ljungman S, Wikstrand J, Hartford M, Berglund G. Urinary albumin excretion – a predictor of risk of cardiovascular disease. A prospective 10-year follow-up of middle-aged nondiabetic normal and hypertensive men. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 770-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan N.M. Management of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: guidelines based on current evidence. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 1079-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan N.M. Management of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: guidelines based on current evidence. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 1079-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viberti G, Mogensen CE, Groop LC, Pauls JF. Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulindependent diabetic patients and microalbuminuria. JAMA 1994; 271: 275-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viberti G, Mogensen CE, Groop LC, Pauls JF. Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulindependent diabetic patients and microalbuminuria. JAMA 1994; 271: 275-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Linshner M. Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 286-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Linshner M. Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 286-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RF, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RF, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HeartOutcomesPreventionEvaluation(HOPE)StudyInvestigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes melllitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HeartOutcomesPreventionEvaluation(HOPE)StudyInvestigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes melllitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 85160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 85160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fioretto P, Frigato F, Velussi M, et al. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists on atrial natriuretic peptide release and action on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive insulindependent diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 837-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fioretto P, Frigato F, Velussi M, et al. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists on atrial natriuretic peptide release and action on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive insulindependent diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 837-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakris GL, Weir MR, De Quattro V, McMahon FG. Effects of an ACE inhibitor/calcium channel antagonist combination on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 1283-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakris GL, Weir MR, De Quattro V, McMahon FG. Effects of an ACE inhibitor/calcium channel antagonist combination on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 1283-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown S, Walton C, Crawford P, Bakris GL. Long-term effects of antihypertensive regimens on renal hemodynamics and proteinuria. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1210-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown S, Walton C, Crawford P, Bakris GL. Long-term effects of antihypertensive regimens on renal hemodynamics and proteinuria. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1210-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munter K, Hergenroder S, Jochims K, Kirchengast M. Individual and combined effects of verapamil or trandolapril on attenuating hypertensive glomerulopathic changes in the stroke-prone rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 681-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munter K, Hergenroder S, Jochims K, Kirchengast M. Individual and combined effects of verapamil or trandolapril on attenuating hypertensive glomerulopathic changes in the stroke-prone rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 681-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakris GL, Barnhill BW, Sadler R. Treatment of arterial hypertension in diabetic humans: importance of therapeutic selection. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 912-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakris GL, Barnhill BW, Sadler R. Treatment of arterial hypertension in diabetic humans: importance of therapeutic selection. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 912-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bohlen L, de Court Weidmann P. Comparative study of the effect of ACE inhibitorsand other antihypertensive agents on proteinuria in diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 84S-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bohlen L, de Court Weidmann P. Comparative study of the effect of ACE inhibitorsand other antihypertensive agents on proteinuria in diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 84S-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Remuzzi G., Macia M., Ruggenanti P. Impact of the blood pressure control and agiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on new-onset microalbminuria in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the BENEDIKT trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(12): 3472-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Remuzzi G., Macia M., Ruggenanti P. Impact of the blood pressure control and agiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on new-onset microalbminuria in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the BENEDIKT trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(12): 3472-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubio-Guerra AF, Arceo-Navarro A, Vargas-Ayala G, et al. The effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on proteinuria in normotensive adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(7): 1688-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubio-Guerra AF, Arceo-Navarro A, Vargas-Ayala G, et al. The effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on proteinuria in normotensive adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(7): 1688-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остроумова О.Д., Жукова О.В., Абакумов Ю.Е. и др. Эффективность и безопасность применения комбинированного препарата трандолаприл/верапамил в качестве стартовой терапии у пациентов с артериальной гипертензией и утолщением комплекса интима-медиа сонных артерий. Кардиология 2008; 11: 36-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Остроумова О.Д., Жукова О.В., Абакумов Ю.Е. и др. Эффективность и безопасность применения комбинированного препарата трандолаприл/верапамил в качестве стартовой терапии у пациентов с артериальной гипертензией и утолщением комплекса интима-медиа сонных артерий. Кардиология 2008; 11: 36-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parving HH. Excess mortality associated with diuretic therapy in diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1093-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parving HH. Excess mortality associated with diuretic therapy in diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1093-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Небиеридзе Д.В. Комбинированная терапия артериальной гипертонии: фокус на плейотропные эффекты. Кардиоваскулярная тепаия и профилактика; 2007; 6(4); 96-99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Небиеридзе Д.В. Комбинированная терапия артериальной гипертонии: фокус на плейотропные эффекты. Кардиоваскулярная тепаия и профилактика; 2007; 6(4); 96-99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
