<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-2098</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кардиоренальные взаимоотношения: современные представления</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardio-renal interrelation: modern view</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобалава</surname><given-names>Ж. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobalava</surname><given-names>Zh. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав.кафедрой кардиологии и клинической фармакологии ФПК МР и зав.кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виллевальде</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Villewalde</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">villevaldes@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефремовцева</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efremovtseva</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеев</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseev</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав.кафедрой факультетской терапии</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов. Москва</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian University of People’s Friendship. Moscow</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кобалава Ж.Д., Виллевальде С.В., Ефремовцева М.А., Моисеев В.С., 2010</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кобалава Ж.Д., Виллевальде С.В., Ефремовцева М.А., Моисеев В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kobalava Z.D., Villewalde S.V., Efremovtseva M.A., Moiseev V.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2098">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2098</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлены определение и классификация кардиоренального синдрома (КРС) — патологического процесса, развивающегося в сердце или почках, при котором острая или хроническая дисфункция одного органа приводит к острой или хронической недостаточности другого. Обсуждаются патофизиологические механизмы, подходы к диагностике и лечению каждого из клинических вариантов КРС.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper discusses the definition and classification of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) — a pathological process in heart or kidneys, characterised by acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ which results in acute or chronic failure of the other organ. The pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatment are described for each clinical variant of CRS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кардиоренальный синдром</kwd><kwd>кардиоренальные отношения</kwd><kwd>нефропротекция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardio-renal syndrome</kwd><kwd>cardio-renal interrelation</kwd><kwd>nephroprotection</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д. Кардиоренальный синдром (почечный фактор и повышение риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний). Клин фармак тер 2002; 11(3): 16-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д. Кардиоренальный синдром (почечный фактор и повышение риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний). Клин фармак тер 2002; 11(3): 16-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестник РАМН 2003; 11: 50-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестник РАМН 2003; 11: 50-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д. и др. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Тер архив 2004; 6: 39-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С., Кобалава Ж.Д. и др. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Тер архив 2004; 6: 39-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schrier RW. Cardiorenal versus renocardiac syndrome: is there a difference? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schrier RW. Cardiorenal versus renocardiac syndrome: is there a difference? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 637.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C. Cardiorenal and renocardiac syndromes: clinical disorders in search of a systematic definition. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 1-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C. Cardiorenal and renocardiac syndromes: clinical disorders in search of a systematic definition. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 1-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang KV, Williams AW, Greene EL, Redfield MM. Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S75-88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang KV, Williams AW, Greene EL, Redfield MM. Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S75-88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C, House AA, Haapio M. Cardiorenal syndrome: refining the definition of a complex symbiosis gone wrong. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 957-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C, House AA, Haapio M. Cardiorenal syndrome: refining the definition of a complex symbiosis gone wrong. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 957-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bongartz LG, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, et al. The severe cardiorenal syndrome: ‘guyton revisited’. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 11-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bongartz LG, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, et al. The severe cardiorenal syndrome: ‘guyton revisited’. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 11-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the acute decompensated heart failure national registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2005; 149: 209-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the acute decompensated heart failure national registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2005; 149: 209-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fonarow GC, Stough WG, Abraham WT, et al. Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with preserved systolic function hospitalized for heart failure: a report from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry. JACC 2007; 50: 768-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fonarow GC, Stough WG, Abraham WT, et al. Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with preserved systolic function hospitalized for heart failure: a report from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry. JACC 2007; 50: 768-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jose P, Skali H, Anavekar N, et al. Increase in creatinine and cardiovascular risk in patients with systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2886-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jose P, Skali H, Anavekar N, et al. Increase in creatinine and cardiovascular risk in patients with systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2886-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldberg A, Hammerman H, Petcherski S, et al. Inhospital and 1-year mortality of patients who develop worsening renal function following acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 330-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldberg A, Hammerman H, Petcherski S, et al. Inhospital and 1-year mortality of patients who develop worsening renal function following acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2005; 150: 330-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roghi A, Savonitto S, Cavallini C, et al. Impact of acute renal failure following percutaneous coronary intervention on longterm mortality. J Cardiovasc Med 2008; 9: 375-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roghi A, Savonitto S, Cavallini C, et al. Impact of acute renal failure following percutaneous coronary intervention on longterm mortality. J Cardiovasc Med 2008; 9: 375-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lassnigg A, Schmid ER, Hiesmayr M, et al. Impact of minimal increases in serum creatinine on outcome in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: do we have to revise current definitions of acute renal failure? Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1129-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lassnigg A, Schmid ER, Hiesmayr M, et al. Impact of minimal increases in serum creatinine on outcome in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: do we have to revise current definitions of acute renal failure? Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1129-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berl T, Henrich W. Kidney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 8-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berl T, Henrich W. Kidney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 8-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han WK, Bonventre JV. Biologic markers for the early detection of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004; 10: 476-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han WK, Bonventre JV. Biologic markers for the early detection of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004; 10: 476-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco C. NGAL: an emerging biomarker of acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 199-200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco C. NGAL: an emerging biomarker of acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 199-200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1115-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1115-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VandeVoorde RG, Katlman TI, Ma Q, et al. Serum NGAL and cystatin C as predictive biomarkers for acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 404A.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VandeVoorde RG, Katlman TI, Ma Q, et al. Serum NGAL and cystatin C as predictive biomarkers for acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 404A.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 237-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 237-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. JACC 2007; 13(49): 675-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. JACC 2007; 13(49): 675-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tessone A, Gottlieb S, Barbash IM, et al. Underuse of standard care and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic renal insufficiency. Cardiology 2007; 108: 193-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tessone A, Gottlieb S, Barbash IM, et al. Underuse of standard care and outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic renal insufficiency. Cardiology 2007; 108: 193-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer MA, et al. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113: 671-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer MA, et al. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113: 671-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 260-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 260-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nohria A, Hasselblad V, Stebbins A, et al. Cardiorenal interactions — insights form the ESCAPE trial. JACC 2007; 51: 1268-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nohria A, Hasselblad V, Stebbins A, et al. Cardiorenal interactions — insights form the ESCAPE trial. JACC 2007; 51: 1268-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jie KE, Verhaar MC, Cramer MJ, et al. Erythropoietin and the cardiorenal syndrome: Cellular mechanisms on the cardiorenal connectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291: F932—44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jie KE, Verhaar MC, Cramer MJ, et al. Erythropoietin and the cardiorenal syndrome: Cellular mechanisms on the cardiorenal connectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291: F932—44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palazzuoli A, Silverberg DS, Iovine F, et al. Effects of betaerythropoietin treatment on left ventricular remodeling, systolic function, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with the cardiorenal anemia syndrome. Am Heart J 2007; 154: 645. e9-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palazzuoli A, Silverberg DS, Iovine F, et al. Effects of betaerythropoietin treatment on left ventricular remodeling, systolic function, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with the cardiorenal anemia syndrome. Am Heart J 2007; 154: 645. e9-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1913-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1913-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagshaw SM, George C, Dinu I, Bellomo R. A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1203-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagshaw SM, George C, Dinu I, Bellomo R. A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1203-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). JACC 2006; 47: e1-192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). JACC 2006; 47: e1-192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sommerer C, Beimler J, Schwenger V, et al. Cardiac biomarkers and survival in haemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37: 350-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sommerer C, Beimler J, Schwenger V, et al. Cardiac biomarkers and survival in haemodialysis patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37: 350-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Austin WJ, Bhalla V, Hernandez-Arce I, et al. Correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and its aminoterminal fragment in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 506-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Austin WJ, Bhalla V, Hernandez-Arce I, et al. Correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and its aminoterminal fragment in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 506-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2148-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2148-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1-266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1-266.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестник РАМН 2003; 11: 50-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мухин Н.А., Моисеев В.С. Кардиоренальные соотношения и риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Вестник РАМН 2003; 11: 50-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухин Н.А. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации — общепопулярный маркер неблагоприятного прогноза. Тер архив 2007; 6: 5-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мухин Н.А. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации — общепопулярный маркер неблагоприятного прогноза. Тер архив 2007; 6: 5-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296-305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296-305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garg AX, Clark WF, Haynes RB, House AA. Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: Results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1486-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garg AX, Clark WF, Haynes RB, House AA. Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: Results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1486-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarnak MJ, Coronado BE, Greene T, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic renal insufficiency. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57: 327-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarnak MJ, Coronado BE, Greene T, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic renal insufficiency. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57: 327-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibson CM, Pinto DS, Murphy SA, et al. Association of creatinine and creatinine clearance on presentation in acute myocardial infarction with subsequent mortality. JACC 2003; 42: 1535-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibson CM, Pinto DS, Murphy SA, et al. Association of creatinine and creatinine clearance on presentation in acute myocardial infarction with subsequent mortality. JACC 2003; 42: 1535-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2034-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Culleton B, et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2034-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levin A, Foley RN. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: S24-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levin A, Foley RN. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: S24-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorassociated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 685-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorassociated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 685-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roy P, Bouchard J, Amyot R, Madore F. Prescription patterns of pharmacological agents for left ventricular systolic dysfunction among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 645-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roy P, Bouchard J, Amyot R, Madore F. Prescription patterns of pharmacological agents for left ventricular systolic dysfunction among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 645-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 543-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 543-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ko DT, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, et al. Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: a populationbased study. J Card Fail 2006; 12: 205-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ko DT, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, et al. Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: a populationbased study. J Card Fail 2006; 12: 205-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
