cardiovascularКардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактикаCardiovascular Therapy and Prevention1728-88002619-0125«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC10.15829/1728-8800-2019-4-92-98cardiovascular-2217Research ArticleЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКАEPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTIONСтратегии профилактики хронических неинфекционных заболеваний: современный взгляд на проблемуStrategies for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases: a modern look at the problemhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-1403КобяковаО. С.KobyakovaO. S.

Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ректор, заведующая кафедрой общей врачебной практики и поликлинической терапии.

Томск.

Tomsk.

rector@ssmu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0088-9204КуликовЕ. С.KulikovE. S.

Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, проректор по научной и последипломной работе.

Томск.

Tomsk.

evgeny.s.kulikov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-1239МалыхР. Д.MalykhR. D.

Ординатор кафедры общей врачебной практики и поликлинической терапии, заместитель декана факультета дистанционного образования.

Томск.

Тел.: +7 (913) 811-42-96

Tomsk.

malykhregina94@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-6660ЧерногорюкГ. Э.ChernogoryukG. E.

Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой госпитальной терапии с курсом реабилитации, физиотерапии и спортивной медицины.

Томск.

Tomsk.

chernogoryuk@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-4810ДеевИ. А.DeevI. A.

Доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры факультетской педиатрии с курсом детских болезней лечебного факультета.

Томск.

Tomsk.

ivandeyev@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-1157СтаровойтоваЕ. А.StarovoytovaE. A.

Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей врачебной практики и поликлинической терапии.

Томск.

Tomsk.

elena-starovoytova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-9614КирилловаН. А.KirillovaN. A.

Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей врачебной практики и поликлинической терапии.

Томск.

Tomsk.

kirillova.natalya@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-5094ЗагромоваТ. А.ZagromovaT. A.

Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей врачебной практики и поликлинической терапии.

Томск.

Tomsk.

zagromova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-4130БалаганскаяМ. А.BalaganskayaM. A.

Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей врачебной практики и поликлинической терапии.

Томск.

Tomsk.

aestas@list.ruСибирский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава РоссииSiberian State Medical University2019040920191849298Copyright © Кобякова О.С., Куликов Е.С., Малых Р.Д., Черногорюк Г.Э., Деев И.А., Старовойтова Е.А., Кириллова Н.А., Загромова Т.А., Балаганская М.А., 20192019Кобякова О.С., Куликов Е.С., Малых Р.Д., Черногорюк Г.Э., Деев И.А., Старовойтова Е.А., Кириллова Н.А., Загромова Т.А., Балаганская М.А.Kobyakova O.S., Kulikov E.S., Malykh R.D., Chernogoryuk G.E., Deev I.A., Starovoytova E.A., Kirillova N.A., Zagromova T.A., Balaganskaya M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2217

Одним из наиболее значимых и актуальных вызовов современного здравоохранения является борьба с хроническими неинфекционными заболеваниями. Эти заболевания приводят не только к преждевременной смертности, но и к стойкой потери работоспособности, ухудшая качество жизни миллиардов людей. Именно профилактические мероприятия, осуществляемые в рамках различных стратегий, зарекомендовали себя как наиболее действенный метод борьбы с хроническими неинфекционными заболеваниями. Однако кроме общеизвестных стратегий профилактики: популяционной, высокого риска и вторичной профилактики, в настоящее время существуют и другие подходы. В представленном обзоре приводит¬ся краткое сравнение двух “классических” стратегий профилактики, анализируется вклад каждой из них в достижения мирового здравоохранения, а также обосновывается необходимость комплексного подхода к профилактике. Обсуждается вопрос возможного прео¬бразования существующих стратегий, рассматриваются другие перспективные подходы, разработанные различными авторами с целью повышения эффективности профилактических программ. Особое внимание уделено оценке возможностей и целесообразности использования генетической информации для уточнения степени риска развития заболевания и персонализации медицинской профилактики.

One of the most significant and urgent targets of modern healthcare is an effective control of chronic non-communicable diseases. These diseases lead not only to premature death, but also to permanent incapacitation and worsening of life quality. Prophylactic measures have proven to be the most effective method for control of chronic non-communicable diseases. However, in addition to well-known prevention tactics: population, high-risk and secondary prevention strategies, there are currently other approaches. The presented review provides a brief comparison of two “classical” prevention strategies. We analyzed the contribution of each of them to world healthcare, and justified the need for a complex approach to prevention. We studied possible transformation of present strategies and considered other promising approaches developed by some authors. Particular attention is paid to assessing the possibilities and feasibility of genetic information using to define the disease risks and personalize medical prevention.

хронические неинфекционные заболеваниястратификация рискапрофилактика будущегогенетическая информацияchronic non-communicable diseasesrisk stratificationfuture prevention strategiesgenetic informationReferencesWHO, Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, 2018WHO, Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, 2018. https://www.who.int/ncds/governance/high-level-commission/why-2018-important-year-for-NCDs.pdf; https://wwwwho.int/nmh/publications/ncd-progress-monitor-2017/en/.GHO, Probability of dying from any of the four main NCDs among 30-70-year olds in 2016, WHO, 2017GHO, Probability of dying from any of the four main NCDs among 30-70-year olds in 2016, WHO, 2017. http://appswho.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-4-viz-1?lang=en.Письмо Минздрава России от 27.12.2017 №28-1/10/2-9030 «О проекте Стратегии формирования здорового образа жизни населения, профилактики и контроля неинфекционных заболеваний на период до 2025 года», 2017Pismo Minzdrava Rossii ot 2712.2017 №28-1/10/2-9030 “About the draft Strategy for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for the population, prevention and control of non-communicable diseases for the period up to 2025”, 2017. (In Russ.)Rose, G. Sick Individuals and Sick Populations. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press (OUP); 1985;14(1):32–8. doi:10.1093/ije/14.1.32Rose G. Sick Individuals and Sick Populations. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press (OUP); 1985;14(1):32-8. doi:101093/ije/141.32.Rose G, Day S. The population mean predicts the number of deviant individuals. BMJ; 1990 Nov 3;301(6759):1031–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6759.1031Rose G, Day S. The population mean predicts the number of deviant individuals. BMJ. 1990;301(6759):1031-4. doi:101136/bmj.301.67591031.WHO, Global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, 2000WHO, Global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, 2000. http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA53/ea14.pdf.Jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, Salomaa V, et al. 40-Year CHD Mortality Trends and the Role of Risk Factors in Mortality Decline. Global Heart. Elsevier BV; 2016 Jun;11(2):207–12. doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2016.04.004Jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, Salomaa V, et al. 40-Year CHD Mortality Trends and the Role of Risk Factors in Mortality Decline. Global Heart. Elsevier BV. 2016;11(2):207-12. doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2016.04.004.Stallings-Smith S, Zeka A, Goodman P, et al. Reductions in Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Respiratory Mortality following the National Irish Smoking Ban: Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Public Library of Science (PLoS); 2013 Apr 24;8(4):e62063. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062063Stallings-Smith S, Zeka A, Goodman P, et al. Reductions in Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Respiratory Mortality following the National Irish Smoking Ban: Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2013;8(4):e62063. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062063.Mackenbach JP, Lingsma HF, van Ravesteyn NT, et al. The population and high-risk approaches to prevention: quantitative estimates of their contribution to population health in the Netherlands, 1970-2010. The European Journal of Public Health. Oxford University Press (OUP); 2012 Aug 8;23(6):909–15. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks106Mackenbach JP, Lingsma HF, van Ravesteyn NT, et al. The population and high-risk approaches to prevention: quantitative estimates of their contribution to population health in the Netherlands, 1970-2010. The European Journal of Public Health. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2012;23(6):909-15. doi:101093/eurpub/cks106.Чиссов В.И., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2008 году. М.: ФГУ «МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена Росмедтехнологий», 2009.− 192 с.: ил. ISBN 5-85502-010-ХChissov VI, Starinskiy VV, Petrova GV. The state of oncological assistance to the population of Russia in 2008. M.: FGU “MNIOI im. P. A. Gercena Rosmedtehnologiy”, 2009. 192 p. (In Russ.)Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2016 году. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена филиал ФГБУ «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России, 2017. илл. - 236 с. ISBN 978-5-85502-231-5Kaprin AD, Starinskiy VV, Petrova GV. The state of oncological assistance to the population of Russia in 2016. M.: MNIOI im. P. A. Gercena filial FGBU “NMIRC” Minzdrava Rossii, 2017. 236 p. (In Russ.)McKee M, Haines A, Ebrahim S, et al. Towards a comprehensive global approach to prevention and control of NCDs. Globalization and Health. Springer Nature; 2014 Oct 28;10(1). doi: 10.1186/s12992-014-0074-8.McKee M, Haines A, Ebrahim S, et al. Towards a comprehensive global approach to prevention and control of NCDs. Globalization and Health. Springer Nature. 2014;10(1). doi:10.1186/s12992-014-0074-8.Brownson RC, Baker EA, Leet TL, et al. Evaluating the Program or Policy. Evidence-Based Public Health. Oxford University Press; 2010 Dec 3;232–58. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195397895.003.0010Brownson RC, Baker EA, Leet TL, et al. Evaluating the Program or Policy. Evidence-Based Public Health. Oxford University Press. 2010;232-58. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195397895.003.0010.Diem G, Brownson RC, Grabauskas V, et al. Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases through evidence-based public health: implementing the NCD 2020 action plan. Global Health Promotion. SAGE Publications; 2016 Jun 23;23(3):5–13. doi: 10.1177/1757975914567513Diem G, Brownson RC, Grabauskas V, et al. Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases through evidence-based public health: implementing the NCD 2020 action plan. Global Health Promotion. SAGE Publications. 2016;23(3):5-13. doi:10.1177/1757975914567513.Бойцов С.А., Вылегжанин С.В., Гилева Ф.А., и др. Совершенствование профилактики хронических неинфекционных заболеваний в учреждениях здравоохранения. Профилактическая медицина. 2013;16(2):3-12.Boytsov SA, Vylegzhanin SV, Gileva FA, et al. Improving the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in health care facilities. Preventive medicine. 2013;16(2):3-12. (In Russ.)Chiolero A, Paradis G, Paccaud F. The pseudo-high-risk prevention strategy. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press (OUP); 2015 Jun 11;44(5):1469–73. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv102Chiolero A, Paradis G, Paccaud F. The pseudo-high-risk prevention strategy. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2015;44(5):1469-73. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv102.Razak F, Davey Smith G, Subramanian S. The idea of uniform change: is it time to revisit a central tenet of Rose’s “Strategy of Preventive Medicine”? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Oxford University Press (OUP); 2016 Nov 9;104(6):1497–507. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.127357Razak F, Davey Smith G, Subramanian S. The idea of uniform change: is it time to revisit a central tenet of Rose's “Strategy of Preventive Medicine”? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2016;104(6):1497-507. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.127357.Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D’Agostino RB, et al. Application of New Cholesterol Guidelines to a Population-Based Sample. New England Journal of Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS); 2014 Apr 10;370(15):1422–31. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1315665Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D'Agostino RB, et al. Application of New Cholesterol Guidelines to a Population-Based Sample. New England Journal of Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS). 2014;370(15):1422-31. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1315665.Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Williams K, et al. Risk of Premature Cardiovascular Disease vs the Number of Premature Cardiovascular Events. JAMA Cardiology. American Medical Association (AMA); 2016 Jul 1;1(4):492. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0991Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Williams K, et al. Risk of Premature Cardiovascular Disease vs the Number of Premature Cardiovascular Events. JAMA Cardiology. American Medical Association (AMA). 2016;1(4):492. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0991.Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Wilkins JT, et al. Sick Individuals and Sick Populations by Geoffrey Rose: Cardiovascular Prevention Updated. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018 Oct 2;7(19). doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010049Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Wilkins JT, et al. Sick Individuals and Sick Populations by Geoffrey Rose: Cardiovascular Prevention Updated. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018;7(19). doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010049.Ludwig DS. Lowering the Bar on the Low-Fat Diet. JAMA. American Medical Association (AMA); 2016 Nov 22;316(20):2087. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15473Ludwig DS. Lowering the Bar on the Low-Fat Diet. JAMA. American Medical Association (AMA). 2016;316(20):2087. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15473.Brown WJ, Hockey R, Dobson A. Rose revisited: a “middle road” prevention strategy to reduce noncommunicable chronic disease risk. Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 2007 Nov; 85(11). doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.041566Brown WJ, Hockey R, Dobson A. Rose revisited: a “middle road” prevention strategy to reduce noncommunicable chronic disease risk. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;85(11). doi:10.2471/BLT.07.041566.Peeters G, Hockey R, Brown WJ. Should Physical Activity Intervention Efforts Take a Whole Population, High-Risk, or Middle Road Strategy? Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Human Kinetics; 2014 Jul;11(5):966–70. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0275Peeters G, Hockey R, Brown WJ. Should Physical Activity Intervention Efforts Take a Whole Population, High-Risk, or Middle Road Strategy? Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Human Kinetics. 2014;11(5):966-70. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0275.Khoury MJ, Iademarco MF, Riley WT. Precision Public Health for the Era of Precision Medicine. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Elsevier BV; 2016 Mar;50(3):398–401. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.031Khoury MJ, Iademarco MF, Riley WT. Precision Public Health for the Era of Precision Medicine. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Elsevier BV. 2016;50(3):398-401. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.031.Janssens ACJW, Gwinn M, Bradley LA, et al. A Critical Appraisal of the Scientific Basis of Commercial Genomic Profiles Used to Assess Health Risks and Personalize Health Interventions. The American Journal of Human Genetics. Elsevier BV; 2008 Mar;82(3):593–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.020Janssens ACJW, Gwinn M, Bradley LA, et al. A Critical Appraisal of the Scientific Basis of Commercial Genomic Profiles Used to Assess Health Risks and Personalize Health Interventions. The American Journal of Human Genetics. Elsevier BV. 2008;82(3):593-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.020.Janssens ACJW, van Duijn CM. Genome-based prediction of common diseases: advances and prospects. Human Molecular Genetics. Oxford University Press (OUP); 2008 Oct 15;17(R2):R166–R173. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn250Janssens ACJW, van Duijn CM. Genome-based prediction of common diseases: advances and prospects. Human Molecular Genetics. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2008;17(R2):R166-73. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn250.Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, et al. Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS); 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2349–58. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1605086Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, et al. Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS). 2016;375(24):2349-58. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1605086.Burton H., Sagoo GS., Pharoah P, et al. Time to revisit Geoffrey Rose: strategies for prevention in the genomic era? Italian Journal of Public Health; 2012; 9(4). doi:10.2427/8665Burton H, Sagoo GS, Pharoah P, et al. Time to revisit Geoffrey Rose: strategies for prevention in the genomic era? Italian Journal of Public Health. 2012;9(4). doi:10.2427/8665.Pashayan N, Pharoah P. Population-based screening in the era of genomics. Personalized Medicine . Future Medicine Ltd; 2012 Jun;9(4):451–5. doi:10.2217/pme.12.40Pashayan N, Pharoah P. Population-based screening in the era of genomics. Personalized Medicine. Future Medicine Ltd. 2012;9(4):451-5. doi: 10.2217/pme.12.40.Pashayan N, Duffy SW, Neal DE, et al. Implications of polygenic risk-stratified screening for prostate cancer on overdiagnosis. Genetics in Medicine. Springer Nature; 2015 Jan 8;17(10):789–95. doi:10.1038/gim.2014.192Pashayan N, Duffy SW, Neal DE, et al. Implications of polygenic risk-stratified screening for prostate cancer on overdiagnosis. Genetics in Medicine. Springer Nature. 2015;17(10):789-95. doi:10.1038/gim.2014.192.Ilbawi AM, Anderson BO. Cancer in global health: How do prevention and early detection strategies relate? Science Translational Medicine. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS); 2015 Mar 11;7(278):278cm1–278cm1. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008853Ilbawi AM, Anderson BO. Cancer in global health: How do prevention and early detection strategies relate? Science Translational Medicine. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 2015;7(278):278cm1-278cm1. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008853.Roberts R. Genetic Risk Stratification and Prevention of CAD: An Idea Whose Time Is Now. Clinical Chemistry. American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC); 2017 Sep 20;63(12):1821–3. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.278895Roberts R. Genetic Risk Stratification and Prevention of CAD: An Idea Whose Time Is Now. Clinical Chemistry. American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC). 2017;63(12):1821-3. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.278895.Iribarren C, Lu M, Jorgenson E, et al. Clinical Utility of Multimarker Genetic Risk Scores for Prediction of Incident Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2016 Dec;9(6):531–40. doi:10.1161/circgenetics.116.001522Iribarren C, Lu M, Jorgenson E, et al. Clinical Utility of Multimarker Genetic Risk Scores for Prediction of Incident Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2016;9(6):531-40. doi:10.1161/circgenetics.116.001522.Lluis-Ganella C, Subirana I, Lucas G, et al. Assessment of the value of a genetic risk score in improving the estimation of coronary risk. Atherosclerosis. Elsevier BV; 2012 Jun;222(2):456–63. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.024Lluis-Ganella C, Subirana I, Lucas G, et al. Assessment of the value of a genetic risk score in improving the estimation of coronary risk. Atherosclerosis. Elsevier BV; 2012;222(2):456-63. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.024.Abraham G, Havulinna AS, Bhalala OG, et al. Genomic prediction of coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal. Oxford University Press (OUP); 2016 Sep 21;37(43):3267–78. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw450Abraham G, Havulinna AS, Bhalala OG, et al. Genomic prediction of coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2016;37(43):3267-78. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw450.Bolton JL, Stewart MCW, Wilson JF, et al. Improvement in Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk over Conventional Risk Factors Using SNPs Identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies. Public Library of Science (PLoS); 2013 Feb 27;8(2):e57310. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057310Bolton JL, Stewart MCW, Wilson JF, et al. Improvement in Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk over Conventional Risk Factors Using SNPs Identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 2013;8(2):e57310. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057310.Natarajan P, Young R, Stitziel NO, et al. Polygenic Risk Score Identifies Subgroup With Higher Burden of Atherosclerosis and Greater Relative Benefit From Statin Therapy in the Primary Prevention Setting. Circulation; 2017 May 30;135(22):2091–101. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.024436Natarajan P, Young R, Stitziel NO, et al. Polygenic Risk Score Identifies Subgroup With Higher Burden of Atherosclerosis and Greater Relative Benefit From Statin Therapy in the Primary Prevention Setting. Circulation. 2017;135(22):2091-101. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.024436.Natarajan P, Bis JC, Bielak LF, et al. Multiethnic Exome-Wide Association Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics; 2016 Dec;9(6):511–20. doi:10.1161/circgenetics.116.001572Natarajan P, Bis JC, Bielak LF, et al. Multiethnic Exome-Wide Association Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2016;9(6):511-20. doi:10.1161/circgenetics.116.001572.Baber U, Mehran R, Sartori S, et al. Prevalence, Impact, and Predictive Value of Detecting Subclinical Coronary and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Elsevier BV; 2015 Mar;65(11):1065–74. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.017Baber U, Mehran R, Sartori S, et al. Prevalence, Impact, and Predictive Value of Detecting Subclinical Coronary and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Adults. JACC. Elsevier BV. 2015;65(11):1065-74. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.017.Assimes TL, Roberts R. Genetics: Implications for Prevention and Management of Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Elsevier BV; 2016 Dec;68(25):2797–818. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.039.Assimes TL, Roberts R. Genetics: Implications for Prevention and Management of Coronary Artery Disease. JACC. Elsevier BV. 2016;68(25):2797-818. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.039.Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nature Genetics. Springer Nature; 2010 Jun 27;42(7):579–89. doi:10.1038/ng.609Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nature Genetics. Springer Nature. 2010;42(7):579-89. doi:10.1038/ng.609.Dallapiccola B, Mingarelli R, Boccia S. Genetic prediction of common complex disorders assessed by next generation sequencing and genome wide analysis. Italian Journal of Public Health; 2012; 9(4): e8691. doi: 10.2427/8691Dallapiccola B, Mingarelli R, Boccia S. Genetic prediction of common complex disorders assessed by next generation sequencing and genome wide analysis. Italian Journal of Public Health. 2012;9(4):e8691. doi:10.2427/8691.Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature; 2010; 466: 707-13. doi: 10.1038/nature09270.Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature. 2010;466:707-13. doi:10.1038/nature09270.Останко В.Л., Калачева Т.П., Калюжина Е.В., и др. Биологические маркеры в стратификации риска развития и прогрессирования сердечно-сосудистой патологии: настоящее и будущее. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018;17(4):264-280. doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-264-280Ostanko VL, Kalacheva TP, Kalyuzhina EV, et al. Biological markers in risk stratification and progression of cardiovascular disease: present and future. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2018;17(4):264-80. (In Russ.)Keller T, Boeckel J-N, Groß S, et al. Improved risk stratification in prevention by use of a panel of selected circulating microRNAs. Scientific Reports. Springer Nature; 2017 Jul 3;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04040-wKeller T, Boeckel J-N, GroB S, et al. Improved risk stratification in prevention by use of a panel of selected circulating microRNAs. Scientific Reports. Springer Nature. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04040-w.Gupta SK, Bang C, Thum T. Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Potential Paracrine Mediators of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics; 2010 Oct;3(5):484–8. doi:10.1161/circgenetics.110.958363Gupta SK, Bang C, Thum T. Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Potential Paracrine Mediators of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2010;3(5):484-8. doi:10.1161/circgenetics.110.958363.Small EM, Olson EN. Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology. Nature. Springer Nature; 2011 Jan;469(7330):336–42. doi:10.1038/nature09783Small EM, Olson EN. Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology. Nature. Springer Nature. 2011;469(7330):336-42. doi:10.1038/nature09783.Fichtlscherer S, De Rosa S, Fox H, et al. Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation Research; 2010 Sep 3;107(5):677–84. doi:10.1161/circresaha.109.215566Fichtlscherer S, De Rosa S, Fox H, et al. Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation Research. 2010;107(5):677-84. doi:10.1161/circresaha.109.215566.Starodubov VI, Marczak LB, Varavikova E, et al. The burden of disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Elsevier BV; 2018 Sep;392(10153):1138–46. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31485-5Starodubov VI, Marczak LB, Varavikova E, et al. The burden of disease in Russia from 1980 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Elsevier BV. 2018;392(10153):1138-46. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31485-5.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.