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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2742</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-2742</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ СЕРДЦА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ультраструктурные изменения митрального клапана при инфекционном эндокардите</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ultrastructural mitral valve abnormalities in infective endocarditis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-3229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухамадияров</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhamadiyarov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мухамадияров Ринат Авхадиевич — кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории фундаментальных аспектов атеросклероза.</p><p>Кемерово.</p><p>Тел.: + 7 (923) 610-67-47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kemerovo.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rem57@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-4857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутихин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutikhin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кутихин Антон Геннадиевич — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией фундаментальных аспектов атеросклероза.</p><p>Кемерово.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kemerovo.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonkutikhin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute for Complex issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>2742</fpage><lpage>2742</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мухамадияров Р.А., Кутихин А.Г., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мухамадияров Р.А., Кутихин А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Kutikhin A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2742">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2742</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. С использованием оригинального метода, основанного на сканирующей электронной микроскопии с детекцией обратно отраженных (обратно рассеянных) электронов (back scattered electrons), изучить структурные особенности створок митральных клапанов при инфекционном эндокардите.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Исследовано 9 митральных клапанов, извлеченных при хирургических вмешательствах в связи с развитием структурной несостоятельности вследствие инфекционного эндокардита (ИЭ). Образцы фиксировали в забуференном параформальдегиде с постфиксацией в тетраокиси осмия. После обезвоживания в спиртах возрастающей концентрации и ацетоне образцы помещали в эпоксидную смолу. После полимеризации смолы образцы шлифовали, а затем полировали до нужной глубины образца. Для повышения электронного контраста образцы обрабатывали спиртовым раствором уранилацетата в процессе обезвоживания и цитратом свинца по Рейнольдсу после полировки эпоксидных блоков. Образцы визуализировали посредством сканирующей электронной микроскопии с детекцией обратно рассеянных электронов при ускоряющем напряжении 15 кВ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Структурные нарушения створок, обусловленные развитием ИЭ, имели наибольшую выраженность в центральной части и в основании створок. Зоны некроза представляли собой обширные электронно-плотные образования, находящиеся в центральных слоях створок, либо смещенные в направлении желудочковой поверхности. Электронно-плотный материал в зоне некроза был слабо структурирован и содержал отдельные клетки и бактерии. Бактерии также присутствовали за пределами зоны некроза. Зоны некроза были окружены слоем видоизмененного внеклеточного матрикса, обычно покрытого слоем фибрина. Среди волокон внеклеточного матрикса отмечали наличие макрофагов, гладких миоцитов и фибробластов. Фибриновый слой, кроме указанных клеток, содержал большое количество кровеносных сосудов и часто был покрыт эндотелием.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Инфицирование створок митрального клапана вызывает ответную реакцию, сопровождающуюся одновременным развитием воспалительных реакций и активизацией регенеративных процессов. Без адекватных регулирующих факторов процессы воспаления и образования соединительной ткани приводят к структурной и функциональной несостоятельности створок. Конкретными причинами могут явиться разрастание областей некроза и воспаления, отек тканей и нарушение ориентации волокон, разрыв створок.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Using an original method based on backscattered scanning electron microscopy, to study the structural features of the mitral valve leaflets in infective endocarditis.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. We examined 9 mitral valves extracted during surgical interventions due to structural malfunction in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). The samples were fixed in buffered paraformaldehyde with osmium tetraoxide postfixation. After dehydration by increasing alcohol concentration and acetone, the samples were placed in epoxy resin. After the resin has polymerized, the samples were ground and then polished to the desired depth. To increase the electronic contrast, the samples were treated with a uranyl acetate alcohol solution during dehydration and with Reynolds' lead citrate after polishing the epoxy blocks. The samples were visualized by backscattered scanning electron microscopy at an accelerating 15-kV voltage.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Structural leaflet injuries caused by IE were most pronounced in the central part and the base. Necrotic areas were extensive electron-dense formations located in the central leaflet layers, or displaced towards the ventricular surface. The electron-dense material in the necrotic area was poorly structured and contained individual cells and bacteria. Bacteria were also present outside the necrotic area. Necrotic areas were surrounded by a layer of a modified extracellular matrix, usually covered with a fibrin layer. Among the extracellular matrix fibers, the macrophages, smooth myocytes and fibroblasts was noted. The fibrin layer, in addition to these cells, contained a large number of blood vessels and was often covered with endothelium.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Infection of the mitral valve leaflets causes a simultaneous inflammatory response and regeneration activation. Without adequate regulatory factors, the processes of inflammation and connective tissue creation lead to structural and functional leaflet failure. Specific causes may be overgrowth of necrotic and inflammatory areas, edema and fiber orientation disorder, as well as leaflet rupture.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекционный эндокардит</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>сканирующая электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный матрикс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infective endocarditis</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>scanning electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>extracellular matrix</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang E, Frazee BW. Infective Endocarditis. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2018;36(4):645-63. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang E, Frazee BW. Infective Endocarditis. 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