<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1728-8800-2022-2877</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-2877</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТЫЙ РИСК</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биологический возраст сосудов и его связь с факторами риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biological vascular age and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2362-9798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акопян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akopyan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Александровна Акопян — стажер-исследователь отдела возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний.</p><p>Москва. Тел.: +7 (903) 745-57-88, SPIN-код: 4841-2901</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna Alexandrovna Akopyan - MD, Research intern at the Department of Age-related diseases</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.alexandrova18@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-0676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стражеско</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strazhesko</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Дмитриевна Стражеско — доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний, зам. директора по трансляционной медицине.</p><p>Москва, SPIN-код: 9049-7884</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Dmitryevna Strazhesko - MD, PhD, Deputy Director of translational medicine, Russian Gerontology Research Center of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Leading Researcher at the Department of Age-related diseases, MSEC Lomonosov MSU</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">istrazhesko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-5032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кляшторный</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyashtorny</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Георгиевич Кляшторный — кандидат биологических наук, биостатистик.</p><p>Москва, SPIN-код: 3918-9762</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav Georgiivich Klyashtorny - PhD, biostatistician, Russian Gerontology Research Center of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladkljasch@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-5612</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яна Артуровна Орлова — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. отделом возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний.</p><p>Москва, SPIN-код: 3153</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Iana Arturovna Orlova - MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of Age-associated diseases, MSEC Lomonosov MSU</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">5163002@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский научно-образовательный центр МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский научно-образовательный центр МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова; ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Обособленное структурное подразделение Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н. И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Обособленное структурное подразделение Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>2877</fpage><lpage>2877</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Акопян А.А., Стражеско И.Д., Кляшторный В.Г., Орлова Я.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Акопян А.А., Стражеско И.Д., Кляшторный В.Г., Орлова Я.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akopyan A.A., Strazhesko I.D., Klyashtorny V.G., Orlova I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2877">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2877</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение связи факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) с биологическим возрастом сосудов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Биологический возраст сосудов оценивался с помощью моделей, основанных на параметрах артериальной стенки. С помощью множественного логистического и линейного регрессионного анализа изучали связь биологического возраста сосудов с факторами кардиоваскулярного риска у 143 человек без ССЗ. Лица с положительной разницей между биологическим возрастом сосудов и паспортным возрастом были отнесены в группу со “старыми” сосудами, а лица с отсутствием или отрицательной разницей между биологическим возрастом сосудов и паспортным возрастом — в группу с “молодыми” сосудами.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По данным линейного регрессионного анализа в группе лиц с “молодыми” сосудами выявлена обратная связь разницы между биологическим возрастом сосудов и паспортным возрастом с уровнем холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности (p=0,001; β±SE=-1,67±0,47), триглицеридов (p=0,017; β±SE=-1,66±0,68), мочевины (p=0,025; β±SE=-0,89±0,39) и индекса инсулинорезистентности (p=0,001; β±SE=-1,22±0,36). В группе лиц со “старыми” сосудами выявлена прямая связь разницы между биологическим возрастом сосудов и паспортным возрастом со значением центрального систолического артериального давления (p=0,015; β±SE=0,10±0,04). По данным логистического регрессионного анализа вероятность иметь “старые” сосуды повышалась в 1,23 раза при увеличении значений гликемии на 0,5 ммоль/л (p=0,044; отношение шансов (ОШ)=1,23; 95% доверительный интервал (ДИ): 1,01-1,51), наличии артериальной гипертензии (p=0,034; ОШ=3,11; 95% ДИ: 1,09-8,86) и сахарного диабета 2 типа (p=0,025; ОШ=3,61; 95% ДИ: 1,17-11,09) и уменьшалась в 2 раза при увеличении уровня холестерина липопротеинов высокой плотности на 0,3 ммоль/л (p=0,003; ОШ=0,5; 95% ДИ: 0,32-0,79).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разница между биологическим возрастом сосудов и паспортным возрастом ассоциирована с традиционными факторами риска ССЗ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study of the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and biological vascular age.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The biological vascular age was estimated using models based on the arterial wall parameters. Using multiple logistic and linear regression, we studied the relationship between the biological vascular age and cardiovascular risk factors in 143 people without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Persons with a positive difference between the vascular and chronological age were assigned to the “old” vascular group, and persons with no or negative difference between the vascular and chronological age were assigned to the “young” vascular group.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Linear regression in the “young” vascular group showed an inverse relationship between the difference between the vascular and chronological age with the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0,001; β±SE=-1,67±0,47), triglycerides (p=0,017; β±SE=-1,66±0,68), urea (p=0,025; β±SE=-0,89±0,39) and insulin resistance index (p=0,001; β±SE=-1,22±0,36). In the “old” vascular group, a direct relationship was found between the difference between the vascular and chronological age and central systolic blood pressure (p=0,015; β±SE=0,10±0,04). According to logistic regression, the likelihood of having “old” vessels increased by 1,23 times with an increase in blood glucose levels by 0,5 mmol/l (p=0,044; odds ratio (OR)=1,23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1,011,51), the presence of hypertension (p=0,034; OR=3,11; 95% CI: 1,09-8,86) and type 2 diabetes (p=0,025; OR=3,61; 95% CI: 1,1711,09), as well as decreased by 2 times with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 0,3 mmol/l (p=0,003; OR=0,5; 95% CI: 0,32-0,79).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The difference between the biological vascular age and chronological age is associated with traditional CVD risk factors.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биологический возраст</kwd><kwd>сосудистый возраст</kwd><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры старения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>biological age</kwd><kwd>vascular age</kwd><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>aging biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова с использованием оборудования, закупленного по программе развития МГУ</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed within the state assignment of the Lomonosov Moscow State University with the use of equipment purchased under the development program of Moscow State University</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO: health topics/ageing. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing#tab=tab_1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO: health topics/ageing. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing#tab=tab_1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jia L, Zhang W, Chen X. Common methods of biological age estimation. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:759-72. doi:10.2147/CIA. S134921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jia L, Zhang W, Chen X. Common methods of biological age estimation. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:759-72. doi:10.2147/CIA. S134921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strazhesko ID, Tkacheva ON, Akasheva DU, et al. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Insulin Resistance, and Leukocyte Telomere Length as Determinants of Arterial Aging in Subjects Free of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Genet. 2017;8:198. doi:10.3389/fgene.2017.00198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strazhesko ID, Tkacheva ON, Akasheva DU, et al. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Insulin Resistance, and Leukocyte Telomere Length as Determinants of Arterial Aging in Subjects Free of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Genet. 2017;8:198. doi:10.3389/fgene.2017.00198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuo P-L, Schrack JA, Shardell MD, et al. A roadmap to build a phenotypic metric of ageing: insights from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Intern Med. 2020;287(4):373-94. doi:10.1111/joim.13024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuo P-L, Schrack JA, Shardell MD, et al. A roadmap to build a phenotypic metric of ageing: insights from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Intern Med. 2020;287(4):373-94. doi:10.1111/joim.13024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z, Kuo P-L, Horvath S, et al. A new aging measure captures morbidity and mortality risk across diverse subpopulations from NHANES IV: A cohort study. Basu S, ed. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002718. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002718.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z, Kuo P-L, Horvath S, et al. A new aging measure captures morbidity and mortality risk across diverse subpopulations from NHANES IV: A cohort study. Basu S, ed. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002718. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002718.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unnikrishnan A, Freeman WM, Jackson J, et al. The role of DNA methylation in epigenetics of aging. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;195:172-85. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unnikrishnan A, Freeman WM, Jackson J, et al. The role of DNA methylation in epigenetics of aging. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;195:172-85. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters MJ, Joehanes R, Pilling LC, et al. The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8570. doi:10.1038/ncomms9570.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7 Peters MJ, Joehanes R, Pilling LC, et al. The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8570. doi:10.1038/ncomms9570.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putin E, Mamoshina P, Aliper A, et al. Deep biomarkers of human aging: Application of deep neural networks to biomarker development. Aging (Albany NY). 2016;8(5):1021-30. doi:10.18632/aging.100968.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putin E, Mamoshina P, Aliper A, et al. Deep biomarkers of human aging: Application of deep neural networks to biomarker development. Aging (Albany NY). 2016;8(5):1021-30. doi:10.18632/aging.100968.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krištić J, Vučković F, Menni C, et al. Glycans are a novel biomarker of chronological and biological ages. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(7):779-89. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krištić J, Vučković F, Menni C, et al. Glycans are a novel biomarker of chronological and biological ages. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(7):779-89. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedintsev A, Kashtanova D, Tkacheva O, et al. Markers of arterial health could serve as accurate non-invasive predictors of human biological and chronological age. Aging (Albany NY). 2017;9(4):1280-92. doi:10.18632/aging.101227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedintsev A, Kashtanova D, Tkacheva O, et al. Markers of arterial health could serve as accurate non-invasive predictors of human biological and chronological age. Aging (Albany NY). 2017;9(4):1280-92. doi:10.18632/aging.101227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belsky DW, Harrati A. To the freezers! Stored biospecimens from human randomized trials are an important new direction for studies of biological aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(1):89-90. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belsky DW, Harrati A. To the freezers! Stored biospecimens from human randomized trials are an important new direction for studies of biological aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(1):89-90. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakamura S, Mori K, Okuma H, et al. Age-associated decline of monocyte insulin sensitivity in diabetic and healthy individuals. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2021; 18(1):1479164121989281. doi:10.1177/1479164121989281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakamura S, Mori K, Okuma H, et al. Age-associated decline of monocyte insulin sensitivity in diabetic and healthy individuals. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2021; 18(1):1479164121989281. doi:10.1177/1479164121989281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak S, Stołtny D, Brożek A, et al. Are insulin-resistance and oxidative stress cause or consequence of aging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(14):1260-67 doi:10.1177/1535370220929621.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak S, Stołtny D, Brożek A, et al. Are insulin-resistance and oxidative stress cause or consequence of aging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(14):1260-67 doi:10.1177/1535370220929621.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos IS, Bittencourt MS, Goulart AC, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with carotid intima-media thickness in non-diabetic subjects. A cross-sectional analysis of the ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 260:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.201703.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos IS, Bittencourt MS, Goulart AC, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with carotid intima-media thickness in non-diabetic subjects. A cross-sectional analysis of the ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 260:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.201703.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, et al. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122. doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, et al. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122. doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halim M, Halim A. The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019; 13(2): 1165-72. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halim M, Halim A. The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019; 13(2): 1165-72. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dudinskaya EN, Tkacheva ON, Brailova NV, et al. Telomere biology and metabolic disorders: the role of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 2020;66(4):35-44. doi:10.14341/probl12510.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17 Dudinskaya EN, Tkacheva ON, Brailova NV, et al. Telomere biology and metabolic disorders: the role of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 2020;66(4):35-44. doi:10.14341/probl12510.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корнева В. А., Кузнецова Т. Ю., Тихова Г. П. Оценка показателей жесткости сосудистой стенки у лиц с семейной гиперхолестеринемией без артериальной гипертензии. Кардиология. 2018;58(2):24-32. doi:10.18087/cardio.2018.2.10080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korneva VA, Kuznetsova TYu, Tikhova GP. Assessment of Vascular Stiffness in Normotensive Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Kardiologiia. 2018;58(2):24-32. (In Russ.) doi:10.18087/cardio.2018.2.10080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Izumida T, Nakamura Y, Hino Y, et al. Combined Effect of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol (RLP-C) on Low-Grade Inflammation. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020;27(4):319-30. doi:10.5551/jat.49528.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izumida T, Nakamura Y, Hino Y, et al. Combined Effect of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol (RLP-C) on Low-Grade Inflammation. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020;27(4):319-30. doi:10.5551/jat.49528.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia X, Chen W, McDermott J, et al. Molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging. F1000Res. 2017;6. doi:10.12688/f1000research.10692.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xia X, Chen W, McDermott J, et al. Molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging. F1000Res. 2017;6. doi:10.12688/f1000research.10692.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau WL, Vaziri ND. Urea, a true uremic toxin: the empire strikes back. Clin Sci. 2017;131(1):3-12. doi:10.1042/CS20160203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau WL, Vaziri ND. Urea, a true uremic toxin: the empire strikes back. Clin Sci. 2017;131(1):3-12. doi:10.1042/CS20160203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, et al. Blood urea nitrogen and risk of insulin use among people with diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2018;15(5):409-16. doi:10.1177/1479164118785050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie Y, Bowe B, Li T, et al. Blood urea nitrogen and risk of insulin use among people with diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2018;15(5):409-16. doi:10.1177/1479164118785050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang H, Li J, Yu K, et al. Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and blood urea nitrogen with incident coronary heart disease: the Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9987 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09591-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang H, Li J, Yu K, et al. Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and blood urea nitrogen with incident coronary heart disease: the Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9987 doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09591-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Battistoni A, Michielon A, Marino G, et al. Vascular Aging and Central Aortic Blood Pressure: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020;27(4):299-308. doi:10.1007/s40292-020-00395-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Battistoni A, Michielon A, Marino G, et al. Vascular Aging and Central Aortic Blood Pressure: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020;27(4):299-308. doi:10.1007/s40292-020-00395-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulas J, Potocarova M, Kupcova V, et al. Central systolic blood pressure increases with aortic stiffness. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):894-98. doi:10.4149/BLL_2019_150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulas J, Potocarova M, Kupcova V, et al. Central systolic blood pressure increases with aortic stiffness. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):894-98. doi:10.4149/BLL_2019_150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Craig A, M C Mels C, Tsikas D, et al. Central systolic blood pressure relates inversely to nitric oxide synthesis in young black adults: the African-PREDICT study. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;35:985-93. doi:10.1038/s41371-020-00453-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">27 Craig A, M C Mels C, Tsikas D, et al. Central systolic blood pressure relates inversely to nitric oxide synthesis in young black adults: the African-PREDICT study. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;35:985-93. doi:10.1038/s41371-020-00453-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rizzoni D, Rizzoni M, Nardin M, et al. Vascular Aging and Disease of the Small Vessels. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2019;26(3):183-9. doi:10.1007/s40292-019-00320-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rizzoni D, Rizzoni M, Nardin M, et al. Vascular Aging and Disease of the Small Vessels. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2019;26(3):183-9. doi:10.1007/s40292-019-00320-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu HT, Park S, Shin E-C, et al. T cell senescence and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Exp Med. 2016;16(3):257-63. doi:10.1007/s10238-015-0376-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu HT, Park S, Shin E-C, et al. T cell senescence and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Exp Med. 2016;16(3):257-63. doi:10.1007/s10238-015-0376-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
