<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2970</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-2970</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исследование ЭССЕ-РФ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фенотипы сосудистого старения в российской популяции — биологические и социально-поведенческие детерминанты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vascular aging phenotypes in Russian population — biological, social, and behavioral determinants</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-9772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ротарь</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rotar</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ротарь Оксана Петровна — доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p><p>Тел.: +7 (812) 702-37-56</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana P. Rotar - MD, PhD, Head of research laboratory “Epidemiology of non-communicable diseases” of Almazov National Medical Research Centre.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p><p>Tel.: +7 (812) 702-37-56</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rotar@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5601-0668</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бояринова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boiarinova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бояринова Мария Анатольевна — младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria A. Boiarinova.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">essence_4@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-0947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толкунова</surname><given-names>К. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolkunova</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Толкунова Кристина Михайловна — аспирант Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina M. Tolkunova.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Kristimix@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0838-5390</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Могучая</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moguchaia</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Могучая Екатерина Викторовна — младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Moguchaia.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">emoguchaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9845-331X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alievа</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алиева Асият Сайгидовна — кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний, руководитель Центра атеросклероза и нарушений липидного обмена Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Asiiat S. Alievа.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">asiiat.alieva.s@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-8525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Орлов Александр Викторович — кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель медицинского направления.</p><p>Ялта, Гаспра, Республика Крым.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Orlov.</p><p>Yalta, Gaspra, Republic of Crimea.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexorlov1987@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-3844</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесова</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesova</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колесова Екатерина Павловна — кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina P. Kolesova.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doctorkat82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0648-3421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерина</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Erina</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ерина Анастасия Максимовна — научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории эпидемиологии неинфекционных заболеваний Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia M. Erina.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">erinasya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8072-310X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усольцев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usoltsev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Усольцев Дмитрий Андреевич — младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории популяционной генетики НИО генетических рисков и персонифицированной профилактики НЦМУ “Центра персонифицированной медицины”, программист Института трансляционной медицины.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Usoltsev.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitriy.usolcev.97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2066-6542</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солнцев</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solntsev</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Солнцев Владислав Николаевич — старший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории математического моделирования Института сердца и сосудов.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav N. Solntsev.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vs5962@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-0076</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranova</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баранова Елена Ивановна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель лаборатории метаболического синдрома Института эндокринологии, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии с курсом эндокринологии, кардиологии и функциональной диагностики им. Г.Ф. Ланга с клиникой.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena I. Baranova.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baranova_ei@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-7812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конради</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konradi</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конради Александра Олеговна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заместитель генерального директора по научной работе Института сердца и сосудов, директор Института трансляционной медицины.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra O. Konradi.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konradi@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-0980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шляхто</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlyakhto</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шляхто Евгений Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, генеральный директор.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny V. Shlyakhto.</p><p>Saint-Petersburg.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.shlyakhto@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санаторий “Родина”</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sanatorium “Rodina”</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова Минздрава России; Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Center; Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова Минздрава России; Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Center; First Pavlov State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>2970</fpage><lpage>2970</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ротарь О.П., Бояринова М.А., Толкунова К.М., Могучая Е.В., Алиева А.С., Орлов А.В., Колесова Е.П., Ерина А.М., Усольцев Д.А., Солнцев В.Н., Баранова Е.И., Конради А.О., Шляхто Е.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ротарь О.П., Бояринова М.А., Толкунова К.М., Могучая Е.В., Алиева А.С., Орлов А.В., Колесова Е.П., Ерина А.М., Усольцев Д.А., Солнцев В.Н., Баранова Е.И., Конради А.О., Шляхто Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rotar O.P., Boiarinova M.A., Tolkunova K.M., Moguchaia E.V., Alievа A.S., Orlov A.V., Kolesova E.P., Erina A.M., Usoltsev D.A., Solntsev V.N., Baranova E.I., Konradi A.O., Shlyakhto E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2970">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2970</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить ассоциацию факторов сердечно-сосудистого риска с различными фенотипами сосудистого старения на примере популяционной выборки жителей Санкт-Петербурга в рамках исследования ЭССЕ-РФ (Эпидемиология сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и их факторов риска в регионах Российской Федерации).</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Обследование популяционной выборки из 1600 жителей Санкт-Петербурга выполнено в рамках многоцентрового наблюдательного исследования ЭССЕ-РФ. Участниками был заполнен вопросник с оценкой факторов риска, выполнено определение биохимических показателей сыворотки крови, проведены антропометрия, измерение артериального давления. Оценка скорости распространения пульсовой волны (СРПВ) методом аппланационной тонометрии на аппарате SphygmoCor (AtCor, Австралия) выполнена у 524 человек, для анализа были отобраны 485 участников без сердечно-сосудистых осложнений в анамнезе. Значение СРПВ ≤10 перцентиля СРПВ для здоровых лиц в каждой возрастной группе было условно принято критерием наличия феномена супернормального сосудистого старения (SUPERNOVA), значение СРПВ ≥90 перцентиля — феномена преждевременного сосудистого старения (EVA), значение СРПВ от 10 до 90 перцентиля — феномена нормального сосудистого старения (NVA).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Распространенность феномена SUPERNOVA составила 9,7%, фенотипа EVA — 18,8%, NVA — 71,5%. У пациентов с сосудистым фенотипом EVA чаще регистрировалась артериальная гипертензия (60,4%) в сравнении с респондентами с фенотипом SUPERNOVA (17%) и реже высокая физическая нагрузка — 39,6 vs 53,2%. У участников с феноменом SUPERNOVA значимо реже регистрировались ожирение, гипергликемия, инсулинорезистентность, гиперхолестеринемия, дислипопротеинемия и распространенность чрезмерного потребления алкоголя по сравнению с группой c фенотипом EVA.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Помимо артериальной гипертензии и дислипопротеинемии значимым предиктором преждевременного старения было совокупное влияние ожирения, сопровождающееся нарушением углеводного обмена с инсулинорезистентностью и гипертриглицеридемией. Среди поведенческих факторов риска более выраженная физическая активность и разумное потребление алкоголя являлись факторами, ассоциированными с супернормальным старением.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To assess the association of cardiovascular risk factors with various vascular aging phenotypes using the St. Petersburg population sample as part of the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The current analysis, performed within the ESSE-RF multicenter observational study, included 1600 St. Petersburg residents. The participants filled out a questionnaire to assess risk factors. In addition, blood biochemical parameters, anthropometric characteristics, and blood pressure were evaluated. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed by applanation tonometry using the SphygmoCor device (AtCor, Australia) in 524 people. For analysis, 485 participants without prior cardiovascular events were selected. PWV ≤10 percentile of PWV for healthy individuals in each age group was considered as the criterion for supernormal vascular aging (SUPERNOVA) phenotype, the PWV ≥90 percentile — early vascular aging (EVA), the PWV of 10-90 percentile — normal vascular aging (NVA).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The prevalence of SUPERNOVA phenotype was 9,7%, EVA — 18,8%, NVA — 71,5%. Patients with EVA phenotype were more likely to have HTN (60,4%) in comparison with those with SUPERNOVA phenotype (17%) and, less likely — high physical activity (39,6 vs 53,2%). Obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipoproteinemia, and excessive alcohol consumption were significantly less common in participants with SUPERNOVA phenotype compared with those with EVA phenotype.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In addition to HTN and dyslipoproteinemia, a significant predictor of premature aging was the cumulative effect of obesity, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia. Among behavioral risk factors, higher physical activity and adequate alcohol consumption were factors associated with supernormal aging.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>супернормальное сосудистое старение</kwd><kwd>преждевременное сосудистое старение</kwd><kwd>сосудистая жесткость</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>дислипопротеинемия</kwd><kwd>физическая активность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>supernormal vascular aging</kwd><kwd>early vascular aging</kwd><kwd>vascular stiffness</kwd><kwd>hypertension</kwd><kwd>dyslipoproteinemia</kwd><kwd>physical activity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Выражаем благодарность за участие в сборе материала и выполнении лабораторно-инструментальных исследований Паскарь Н. А., Темирову А. А., Парижской Е. Н., Карузину С. В., Дудоровой Е. А., Солдатенковой Н. А., Маликову К. Н., Тимофеевой Е. А., Баженовой Е. А., Беляевой О. Д.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">We are deeply grateful for participation in material collection and performance of diagnostic investigations to Paskar N. A., Temirov A. A., Parizhskaya E. N., Karuzin S. V., Dudorova E. A., Soldatenkova N. A., Malikov K. N., Timofeeva E. A., Bazhenova E. A., Belyaeva O. D.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belsky DW, Caspi A, Houts R, et al. Quantification of biological aging in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:E4104-10. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506264112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belsky DW, Caspi A, Houts R, et al. Quantification of biological aging in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:E4104-10. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506264112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson PM, Boutouyrie P, Cunha P, et al. Early vascular ageing in translation: from laboratory investigations to clinical applications in cardiovascular prevention. J Hypertens. 2013;31(8):1517-26. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328361e4bd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson PM, Boutouyrie P, Cunha P, et al. Early vascular ageing in translation: from laboratory investigations to clinical applications in cardiovascular prevention. J Hypertens. 2013;31(8):1517-26. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328361e4bd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, et al. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30(3):445-8. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, et al. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30(3):445-8. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groenewegen KA, den Ruijter HM, Pasterkamp G, et al. Vascular age to determine cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review of its concepts, definitions, and clinical applications. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(3):264-74. doi:10.1177/2047487314566999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groenewegen KA, den Ruijter HM, Pasterkamp G, et al. Vascular age to determine cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review of its concepts, definitions, and clinical applications. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(3):264-74. doi:10.1177/2047487314566999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koopman JJE, Kuipers RS. From arterial ageing to cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1676-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30763-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koopman JJE, Kuipers RS. From arterial ageing to cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1676-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30763-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Cunha PG, et al. Concept of Extremes in Vascular Aging. Hypertension. 2019;74(2):218-28. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Cunha PG, et al. Concept of Extremes in Vascular Aging. Hypertension. 2019;74(2):218-28. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Научно-организационный комитет проекта ЭССЕ-РФ Эпидемиология сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в различных регионах России (ЭССЕ-РФ). Обоснование и дизайн исследования. Профилактическая медицина. 2013;6:25-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scientific Organizing Committee of the ESSE-RF. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of Russia (ESSE-RF). The rationale for and design of the study. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina. 2013;6:25-34. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640-5. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640-5. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-29. doi:10.1007/BF00280883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-29. doi:10.1007/BF00280883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao D, Cho J, Kim MH, et al. Diabetes, glucose metabolism, and glaucoma: the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PloS One. 2014;9(11):e112460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao D, Cho J, Kim MH, et al. Diabetes, glucose metabolism, and glaucoma: the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PloS One. 2014;9(11):e112460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кобалава Ж. Д., Конради А. О., Недогода С. В. и соавт. Артериальная гипертензия у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(3):3786. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobalava ZhD, Konradi AO, Nedogoda SV, et al. Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(3):3786. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1161-83. doi:10.5665/sleep.4886.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1161-83. doi:10.5665/sleep.4886.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peasey A, Bobak M, Kubinova R, et al. Determinants of cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases in Central and Eastern Europe:rationale and design of the HAPIEE study. (Study protocol). BMC PublicHealth. 2006;6:255-64. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peasey A, Bobak M, Kubinova R, et al. Determinants of cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases in Central and Eastern Europe:rationale and design of the HAPIEE study. (Study protocol). BMC PublicHealth. 2006;6:255-64. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791-804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791-804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattace-Raso F, Hofman A, Verwoert GC, et al. Reference values for arterial stiffness collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factor: “Establishing normal and reference values”. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2338-50. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattace-Raso F, Hofman A, Verwoert GC, et al. Reference values for arterial stiffness collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factor: “Establishing normal and reference values”. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2338-50. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomez-Sanchez M, Gomez-Sanchez L, Patino-Alonso MC, et al; EVA Investigators. Vascular aging and its relationship with lifestyles and other risk factors in the general Spanish population: Early Vascular Ageing Study. J Hypertens. 2020;38(6):1110-22. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomez-Sanchez M, Gomez-Sanchez L, Patino-Alonso MC, et al; EVA Investigators. Vascular aging and its relationship with lifestyles and other risk factors in the general Spanish population: Early Vascular Ageing Study. J Hypertens. 2020;38(6):1110-22. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell GF. Arterial stiffness and hypertension: chicken or egg? Hypertension. 2014;642:210-14. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03449.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell GF. Arterial stiffness and hypertension: chicken or egg? Hypertension. 2014;642:210-14. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen W, Li S, Fernandez C, et al. Temporal Relationship Between Elevated Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffening Among MiddleAged Black and White Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(7):599-608. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen W, Li S, Fernandez C, et al. Temporal Relationship Between Elevated Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffening Among MiddleAged Black and White Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(7):599-608. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takase H, Dohi Y, Toriyama T, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity predicts increase in blood pressure and onset of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(6):667-73. doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takase H, Dohi Y, Toriyama T, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity predicts increase in blood pressure and onset of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(6):667-73. doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nair T, Ram CVS. Normotensive aging: finally, an ‘iron in the fire'. J Hypertens. 2021;39(6):1102-3. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nair T, Ram CVS. Normotensive aging: finally, an ‘iron in the fire'. J Hypertens. 2021;39(6):1102-3. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The China PEACE Collaborative Group. Association of age and blood pressure among 3.3 million adults: insights from China PEACE million persons project. J Hypertens. 2021;39(6):1143-54. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002793.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The China PEACE Collaborative Group. Association of age and blood pressure among 3.3 million adults: insights from China PEACE million persons project. J Hypertens. 2021;39(6):1143-54. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002793.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunner EJ, Shipley MJ, Ahmadi-Abhari S, et al. Adiposity, obesity, and arterial aging: longitudinal study of aortic stiffness in the Whitehall II cohort. Hypertension. 2015;66(2):294-300. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunner EJ, Shipley MJ, Ahmadi-Abhari S, et al. Adiposity, obesity, and arterial aging: longitudinal study of aortic stiffness in the Whitehall II cohort. Hypertension. 2015;66(2):294-300. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AlGhatrif M, Strait JB, Morrell CH, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of arterial stiffness and the role of blood pressure: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension. 2013;62(5):934-41. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AlGhatrif M, Strait JB, Morrell CH, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of arterial stiffness and the role of blood pressure: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension. 2013;62(5):934-41. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zachariah JP, Wang Y, Newburger JW, et al. Biological Pathways in Adolescent Aortic Stiffness. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(6):e018419. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.018419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zachariah JP, Wang Y, Newburger JW, et al. Biological Pathways in Adolescent Aortic Stiffness. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(6):e018419. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.018419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McEniery CM, Wilkinson IB, Johansen NB, et al. Nondiabetic Glucometabolic Status and Progression of Aortic Stiffness: The Whitehall II Study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):599-606. doi:10.2337/dc16-1773.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McEniery CM, Wilkinson IB, Johansen NB, et al. Nondiabetic Glucometabolic Status and Progression of Aortic Stiffness: The Whitehall II Study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):599-606. doi:10.2337/dc16-1773.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomez-Marcos MA, Recio-Rodriguez JI, Patino-Alonso MC, et al. Relationship between physical activity and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in adults without chronic diseases. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87954. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomez-Marcos MA, Recio-Rodriguez JI, Patino-Alonso MC, et al. Relationship between physical activity and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in adults without chronic diseases. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87954. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt-Trucksass A, Weisser B. Vaskulares Altern, Hyper-tonie und korperliche Aktivitat [Vascular aging, arterial hypertension and physical activity]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011;136(46):2367-71. German. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1292053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt-Trucksass A, Weisser B. Vaskulares Altern, Hyper-tonie und korperliche Aktivitat [Vascular aging, arterial hypertension and physical activity]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011;136(46):2367-71. German. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1292053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong A, Kwak YS, Scott SD, et al. The effects of swimming training on arterial function, muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory capacity in postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension. Menopause. 2018;26(6):653-8. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong A, Kwak YS, Scott SD, et al. The effects of swimming training on arterial function, muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory capacity in postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension. Menopause. 2018;26(6):653-8. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agabiti-Rosei C, Favero G, De Ciuceis C, et al. Effect of long-term treatment with melatonin on vascular markers of oxidative stress/ inflammation and on the anticontractile activity of perivascular fat in aging mice. Hypertens Res. 2017;40(1):41-50. doi:10.1038/hr.2016.103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agabiti-Rosei C, Favero G, De Ciuceis C, et al. Effect of long-term treatment with melatonin on vascular markers of oxidative stress/ inflammation and on the anticontractile activity of perivascular fat in aging mice. Hypertens Res. 2017;40(1):41-50. doi:10.1038/hr.2016.103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karimi L, Mattace-Raso FU, van Rosmalen J, et al. Effects of combined healthy lifestyle factors on functional vascular aging: The Rotterdam Study. J Hypertens. 2016;34:853-9. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimi L, Mattace-Raso FU, van Rosmalen J, et al. Effects of combined healthy lifestyle factors on functional vascular aging: The Rotterdam Study. J Hypertens. 2016;34:853-9. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charakida M, Georgiopoulos G, Dangardt F, et al. Early vascular damage from smoking and alcohol in teenage years: the ALSPAC study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(4):345-53. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy524.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charakida M, Georgiopoulos G, Dangardt F, et al. Early vascular damage from smoking and alcohol in teenage years: the ALSPAC study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(4):345-53. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy524.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Neill D, Britton A, Brunner EJ, et al. Twenty-Five-Year Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Their Association with Arterial Aging: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2):e005288. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.005288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Neill D, Britton A, Brunner EJ, et al. Twenty-Five-Year Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Their Association with Arterial Aging: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2):e005288. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.005288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu H, Li H, Liu D, et al. Chronic Voluntary Alcohol Drinking Causes Anxiety-like Behavior, Thiamine Deficiency, and Brain Damage of Female Crossed High Alcohol Preferring Mice. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:614396. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.614396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu H, Li H, Liu D, et al. Chronic Voluntary Alcohol Drinking Causes Anxiety-like Behavior, Thiamine Deficiency, and Brain Damage of Female Crossed High Alcohol Preferring Mice. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:614396. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.614396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang SC, Chen YC, Chen SJ, et al. Alcohol Addiction, Gut Microbiota, and Alcoholism Treatment: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6413. doi:10.3390/ijms21176413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang SC, Chen YC, Chen SJ, et al. Alcohol Addiction, Gut Microbiota, and Alcoholism Treatment: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6413. doi:10.3390/ijms21176413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korosi B, Laszlo A, Tabak A, et al. The impact of currently recommended antihypertensive therapy on depression and other psychometric parameters: preliminary communication. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung. 2017;19(1):11-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korosi B, Laszlo A, Tabak A, et al. The impact of currently recommended antihypertensive therapy on depression and other psychometric parameters: preliminary communication. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung. 2017;19(1):11-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002:39(1):10-5. doi:10.1161/hy0102.099031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002:39(1):10-5. doi:10.1161/hy0102.099031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
