<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1728-8800-2025-4426</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">KQRZKK</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-4426</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лабораторно-инструментальная диагностика функции эндотелия, отражающей сосудистую жесткость: настоящее и перспективы. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Paraclinical diagnostics of endothelial function reflecting vascular stiffness: the present and prospects. Literature review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-8071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савичева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savicheva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алена Алексеевна Савичева — аспирант отдела фундаментальных и прикладных аспектов ожирения.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alyona.sawi4ewa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1002-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бернс</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berns</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Александровна Бернс — д.м.н., руководитель лаборатории патогенетических аспектов коморбидности, профессор кафедры терапии института профессионального образования и аккредитации.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svberns@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-0716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исайкина</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaykina</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олеся Юрьевна Исайкина — к.м.н., в.н.с. лаборатории применения амбулаторных диагностических методов в профилактике хронических неинфекционных заболеваний.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oisaykina@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-214X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горшков</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorshkov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Юрьевич Горшков — к.м.н., зам. директора по научной и амбулаторно-поликлинической работе.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aygorshkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9946-1015</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веремеев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veremeev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Владимирович Веремеев — к.м.н., советник директора.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">al.veremeev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4453-8430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драпкина</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drapkina</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оксана Михайловна Драпкина — д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, директор.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gnicpm@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ "Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медицины" Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>4426</fpage><lpage>4426</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Савичева А.А., Бернс С.А., Исайкина О.Ю., Горшков А.Ю., Веремеев А.В., Драпкина О.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Савичева А.А., Бернс С.А., Исайкина О.Ю., Горшков А.Ю., Веремеев А.В., Драпкина О.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Savicheva A.A., Berns S.A., Isaykina O.Y., Gorshkov A.Y., Veremeev A.V., Drapkina O.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4426">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4426</self-uri><abstract><p>На протяжении многих лет сердечно-сосудистые заболевания остаются ведущей причиной смерти в мире. Одним их наиболее значимых факторов риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний является артериальная гипертензия. Дисфункция эндотелия выступает одним из центральных звеньев патогенетических механизмов формирования и прогрессирования сосудистой жесткости при артериальной гипертензии. Именно поэтому выявление и оценка функции эндотелия имеет высокую практическую значимость в практике врача-клинициста.</p><p>Цель обзора — проанализировать и обобщить имеющиеся данные по инструментальной и лабораторной диагностике дисфункции эндотелия, участвующей в формировании сосудистой жесткости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>For many years, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the world. The most significant risk factor for their development is hypertension. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the central links in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation and progression of vascular stiffness in hypertension. That is why the identification and assessment of endothelial function is of high practical importance for practitioner.</p><p>The review aim is to analyze and summarize the available data on paraclinical diagnostics of endothelial dysfunction involved in the formation of vascular stiffness.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>дисфункция эндотелия</kwd><kwd>жесткость артерий</kwd><kwd>маркеры эндотелиальной дисфункции</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>эндотелий</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypertension</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>vascular stiffness</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction markers</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>endothelium</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 123020600126-7 "Выявление ранних предикторов сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и ассоциированных состояний по данным 40-летнего наблюдения за лицами мужского пола (результаты проспективного и комплексного одномоментного исследований)"</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the state assignment № 123020600126-7 "Identification of early predictors of cardiovascular diseases and associated conditions based on 40-year follow-up of males (results of prospective and comprehensive cross-sectional studies)"</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franklin SS, Lopez VA, Wong ND, et al. Single versus combined blood pressure components and risk for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2009;119:243-50. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.797936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franklin SS, Lopez VA, Wong ND, et al. Single versus combined blood pressure components and risk for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2009;119:243-50. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.797936.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953-2041 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953-2041 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Живень М. К., Захарова И. С., Шевченко А. И. и др. Гетерогенность клеток эндотелия. Патология кровообращения и кардиохирургия. 2015;19(4-2):104-12. doi:10.21688/1681-3472-2015-4-2-104-112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhiven’ MK, Zaharova IS, Shevchenko AI, et al. A heterogeneity of en­dothelial cells. Pathol Blood Circul Card Surg. 2015;19(4-2):104-12. (In Russ.) doi:10.21688/1681-3472-2015-4-2-104-112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirase T, Node K. Endothelial dysfunction as a cellular mechanism for vascular failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012; 302(3):H499-505. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00325.2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirase T, Node K. Endothelial dysfunction as a cellular mecha­nism for vascular failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012; 302(3):H499-505. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00325.2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Sabban F. The endothelium and cardiovascular disease-a mini review. MOJ Anat Physiol. 2015;1(3):53-8. doi:10.15406/mojap.2015.01.00011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Sabban F. The endothelium and cardiovascular disease-a mini review. MOJ Anat Physiol. 2015;1(3):53-8. doi:10.15406/mojap.2015.01.00011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y, Rabb H, Womer KL. Ischemiareperfusion and immediate T cell responses. Cell Immunol. 2007;248(1):4-11. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.03.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y, Rabb H, Womer KL. Ischemiareperfusion and immediate T cell responses. Cell Immunol. 2007;248(1):4-11. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.03.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blaisdell FW. The pathophysiology of skeletal muscle ischemia and the reperfusion syndrome: a review. Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 10(6):620-30. doi:10.1016/s0967-2109(02)00070-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blaisdell FW. The pathophysiology of skeletal muscle ischemia and the reperfusion syndrome: a review. Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 10(6):620-30. doi:10.1016/s0967-2109(02)00070-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tesauro M, Mauriello A, Rovella V, et al. Arterial ageing: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular calcification. J Intern Med. 2017;281(5):47182. doi:10.1111/joim.12605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tesauro M, Mauriello A, Rovella V, et al. Arterial ageing: from endo­thelial dysfunction to vascular calcification. J Intern Med. 2017;281(5):47182. doi:10.1111/joim.12605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunha PG, Cotter J, Oliveira P, et al. Pulse wave velocity distri­bution in a cohort study: from arterial stiffness to early vascular aging. J Hypertens. 2015;33(7):143845. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000565.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunha PG, Cotter J, Oliveira P, et al. Pulse wave velocity distri­bution in a cohort study: from arterial stiffness to early vas­cular aging. J Hypertens. 2015;33(7):143845. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000565.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Z. Aging, arterial stiffness, and hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65:2526. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Z. Aging, arterial stiffness, and hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65:2526. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кушаковский М. С. Эссенциальная гипертензия (гипертоническая болезнь): Причины, механизмы, клиника, лечение. 5. изд., существенно доп. и перераб. СПб.: Фолиант, 2002. p. 414. ISBN: 5-93929-045-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kushakovsky M. Essential hypertension (hypertension): Causes, mechanisms, clinic, treatment. 5. ed., substantially additional and revised St. Petersburg: Folio, 2002. p.414. (In Russ.) ISBN: 5-93929-045-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, et al. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):293. doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00454-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, et al. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):293. doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00454-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive de­tection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340(8828):1111-5. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-f.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive de­tection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340(8828):1111-5. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-f.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joannides R, Haefeli WE, Linder L, et al. Role of nitric oxide in flow-dependent vasodilation of human peripheral arteries in vivo. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1994;87(8):983-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joannides R, Haefeli WE, Linder L, et al. Role of nitric oxide in flow-dependent vasodilation of human peripheral arteries in vivo. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1994;87(8):983-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драпкина О. М., Фадеева М. В. Сосудистый возраст как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Артериальная гипертензия. 2014;20(4):224-31. doi:10.18705/1607-419X-2014-20-4-224-231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina OM, Fadeeva MV. Arterial aging as a cardiovascular risk factor. "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hyper­ten­sion"). 2014;20(4):224-31. (In Russ.) doi:10.18705/1607-419X-2014-20-4-224-231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1235-41. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00327-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1235-41. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00327-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жаткина М. В., Гаврилова Н. Е., Макарова Ю. К. и др. Мультифокальный атеросклероз: диагностика с помощью пробы Целермайера. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020;19(5):2638. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2638.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhatkina MV, Gavrilova NE, Makarova YuK, et al. Diagnosis of multifocal atherosclerosis using the Celermajer test. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(5):2638. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2638.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millasseau SC, Kelly RP, Ritter JM, et al. Determination of age related increases in large artery stiffness by digital pulse contour analysis. Clin Sci. 2002;103:371-7. doi:10.1042/cs1030371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millasseau SC, Kelly RP, Ritter JM, et al. Determination of age related increases in large artery stiffness by digital pulse contour analysis. Clin Sci. 2002;103:371-7. doi:10.1042/cs1030371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowienczyk PJ, Kelly RP, MacCallum H, et al. Photo plethysmographic assessment of pulse wave reflection. Blunted response to endotheliumdependent beta-2-adrenergic vasodilation in type II diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:2007-14. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00441-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowienczyk PJ, Kelly RP, MacCallum H, et al. Photo plethysmographic assessment of pulse wave reflection. Blunted response to endotheliumdependent beta-2-adrenergic vasodilation in type II diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:2007-14. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00441-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laucevicius A, Ryliskyte L, Petruioniene Z, et al. First expe rience with salbutomol — induced changes in the photo plethysmogaphic digital volume pulse. Semin Cardiol. 2002;8:87-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laucevicius A, Ryliskyte L, Petruioniene Z, et al. First expe rience with salbutomol — induced changes in the photo plethysmogaphic digital volume pulse. Semin Cardiol. 2002;8:87-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millasseau SC, Guigui FG, Kelly RP, et al. Noninvasive assessment of the digital volume pulse. Comparison with the peripheral pressure pulse. Hypertension 2000;36:952-6. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.36.6.952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millasseau SC, Guigui FG, Kelly RP, et al. Noninvasive assessment of the digital volume pulse. Comparison with the peripheral pressure pulse. Hypertension 2000;36:952-6. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.36.6.952.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010;121(4):505-11. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010;121(4):505-11. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a novel indicator of arterial stiffness: theory, evidence and perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2011;18(11):924-38. doi:10.5551/jat.7716.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, et al. Cardioankle vascular index (CAVI) as a novel indicator of arterial stiffness: theory, evidence and perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2011;18(11):924-38. doi:10.5551/jat.7716.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyoshi T, Ito H. Arterial stiffness in health and disease: The role of cardio-ankle vascular index. J Cardiol. 2021;78(6):493-501. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.07.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyoshi T, Ito H. Arterial stiffness in health and disease: The role of cardio-ankle vascular index. J Cardiol. 2021;78(6):493-501. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.07.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotani K, Miyamoto M, Taniguchi N. Clinical significance of the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2010;6:251-3. doi:10.2174/157340210793611659.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotani K, Miyamoto M, Taniguchi N. Clinical significance of the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2010;6:251-3. doi:10.2174/157340210793611659.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagayama D, Watanabe Y, Saiki A, et al. Difference in positive relation between cardioankle vascular index (CAVI) and each of four blood pressure indices in realworld Japanese population. J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(3):210-7. doi: 10.1038/s41371-019-0167-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagayama D, Watanabe Y, Saiki A, et al. Difference in positive relation between cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and each of four blood pressure indices in real-world Japanese population. J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33(3):210-7. doi: 10.1038/s41371-019-0167-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев Ю. С., Михайлова М. А., Джиоева О. Н. и др. Значение биологических маркеров в оценке эндотелиальной дисфункции. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2024;23(9):4061. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2024-4061.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev YuS, Mikhailova MA, Dzhioeva ON, et al. Importance of biological markers in the assessment of endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2024;23(9):4061. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2024-4061.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Метельская В. А., Гумано­ва Н. Г. Оксид азота: роль в регуляции биологических функций, методы определения в крови человека. Лаб мед. 2005; 7:19-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metel'skaya VA, Gumanova NG. Oksid azota: rol' v regulyacii biologicheskih funkcij, metody opredeleniya v krovi cheloveka. Lab med. 2005;7:19-24. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gumanova NG, Klimushina MV, Metel'skaya VA. Optimization of Single-Step Assay for Circulating Nitrite and Nitrate Ions (NOx) as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Mortality. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2018;165(2):284-7. doi:10.1007/s10517-018-4149-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gumanova NG, Klimushina MV, Metel'skaya VA. Optimization of Single-Step Assay for Circulating Nitrite and Nitrate Ions (NOx) as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Mortality. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2018;165(2):284-7. doi:10.1007/s10517-018-4149-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Landim MB, Casella Filho A, Chagas AC. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and endothelial dysfunction: implications for atherogenesis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(5):471-8. doi:10.1590/s1807-59322009000500015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Landim MB, Casella Filho A, Chagas AC. Asymmetric dime­thyl­arginine (ADMA) and endothelial dysfunction: implications for atherogenesis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(5):471-8. doi:10.1590/s1807-59322009000500015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бернс С. А., Кашталап В. В. Эндотелий-протективный эффект питавастатина. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2023;22(8):3671. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3671.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berns SA, Kashtalap VV. Endothelial protective effect of pitavastatin. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023;22(8): 3671. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3671.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агеев Ф. Т., Овчинников А. Г., Мареев В. Ю. и др. Эндотелиальная дисфункция и сердечная недостаточность: патогенетическая связь и возможности терапии ингибиторами ангиотензинпревращающего фермента. Consilium medicum. Сердечная недостаточность. 2001;3(2):61-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ageyev FT, Ovchinnikov AG, Mareyev VYu, et al. Endothelial dys­function and heart failure: a pathogenetic relationship and the potential for therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Consilium medicum. 2001;3(2):61-3. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Автандилов А. Г., Либов И. А., Киселев М. В. и др. Прогностическая роль эндотелина-1 и возможности его коррекции у больных с нестабильной стенокардией. РМЖ. 2008;4:211-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avtandilov AG, Libov IA, Kiselev MV, et al. Prognostic role of en­do­thelin-1 and possibilities of its correction in atients with unstable angina. Russian Medical Journal. 2008;4:211-7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehm M, Bruegger D, Christ F, et al. Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia. Circulation. 2007;116(17):1896-906. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.684852.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehm M, Bruegger D, Christ F, et al. Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia. Circulation. 2007;116(17):1896-906. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.684852.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nieuwdorp M, Mooij HL, Kroon J, et al. Endothelial glycocalyx damage coincides with microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55:1127-32. doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nieuwdorp M, Mooij HL, Kroon J, et al. Endothelial glycocalyx da­mage coincides with microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55:1127-32. doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1619.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neves FM, Meneses GC, Sousa NE, et al. Syndecan1 in acute decompensated heart failureassociation with renal function and mortality. Circ J. 2015;79(7):1511-9. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-1195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neves FM, Meneses GC, Sousa NE, et al. Syndecan1 in acute decompensated heart failureassociation with renal function and mortality. Circ J. 2015;79(7):1511-9. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-1195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fornai F, Carrizzo A, Forte M, et al. The inflammatory protein Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. Immun Ageing. 2016; 13(1):25. doi:10.1186/s12979-016-0080-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fornai F, Carrizzo A, Forte M, et al. The inflammatory protein Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. Immun Ageing. 2016; 13(1):25. doi:10.1186/s12979-016-0080-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H, Guo X, Yao K, et al. Pentraxin-3 Predicts Long-Term Cardiac Events in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Biomed Res Int. 2015:817615. doi:10.1155/2015/817615.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu H, Guo X, Yao K, et al. Pentraxin-3 Predicts Long-Term Cardiac Events in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Biomed Res Int. 2015:817615. doi:10.1155/2015/817615.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamasaki K, Kurimura M, Kasai T, et al. Determination of physiological plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels in healthy populations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47(4):4717. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2009.110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamasaki K, Kurimura M, Kasai T, et al. Determination of physio­logical plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels in healthy populations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47(4):4717. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2009.110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keeley FW, Alatawi A. Response of aortic elastin synthesis and accumulation to developing hypertension and the inhibitory effect of colchicine on this response. Lab Invest. 1991;64(4):499-507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keeley FW, Alatawi A. Response of aortic elastin synthesis and accumulation to developing hypertension and the inhibitory effect of colchicine on this response. Lab Invest. 1991;64(4):499-507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нешкова Е. А., Метельская В. А., Тимофеев Ю. С. и др. Нейтрофильная эластаза как перспективный биомаркер воспаления низкой степени при хронических неинфекционных заболеваниях. Профилактическая медицина. 2025;28(4):142-8. doi:10.17116/profmed202528041142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neshkova EA, Metelskaya VA, Timofeev YuS, et al. Neutrophil elastase as a promising biomarker of low-grade inflammation in chronic non-communicable diseases. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2025;28(4):142-8. (In Russ.) doi:10.17116/profmed202528041142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmoud RA, el-Ezz SA, Hegazy AS. Increased serum levels of interleukin-18 in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Ital J Biochem. 2004;53(2):73-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmoud RA, el-Ezz SA, Hegazy AS. Increased serum levels of interleukin-18 in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Ital J Biochem. 2004;53(2):73-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang PA, Wu JM, Li Y, et al. Association of polymorphisms of interleukin-18 gene promoter region with chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(11):1594-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i11.1594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang PA, Wu JM, Li Y, et al. Association of polymorphisms of interleukin-18 gene promoter region with chronic hepatitis B in Chinese Han population. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(11):1594-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i11.1594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasuda K, Nakanishi K, Tsutsui H. Interleukin-18 in health and di­sease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):649. doi:10.3390/ijms20030649.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasuda K, Nakanishi K, Tsutsui H. Interleukin-18 in health and di­sease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):649. doi:10.3390/ijms20030649.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Brien LC, Mezzaroma E, Van Tassell BW, et al. Interleukin-18 as a therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Mol Med. 2014;20(1):221-9. doi:10.2119/molmed.2014.00034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Brien LC, Mezzaroma E, Van Tassell BW, et al. Interleukin-18 as a therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Mol Med. 2014;20(1):221-9. doi:10.2119/molmed.2014.00034.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Güntürk EE, Güntürk İ, Topuz AN, et al. Serum interleukin-18 levels are associated with non-dipping pattern in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Blood Press Monit. 2021;26(2):87-92. doi:10.1097/MBP.0000000000000487.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Güntürk EE, Güntürk İ, Topuz AN, et al. Serum interleukin-18 levels are associated with non-dipping pattern in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Blood Press Monit. 2021;26(2):87-92. doi:10.1097/MBP.0000000000000487.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Mayer G, Herman A. Vascular endothelial dysfunction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1997;49:325-42. doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(97)80031-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Mayer G, Herman A. Vascular endothelial dysfunction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1997;49:325-42. doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(97)80031-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Albers R, et al. A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(Suppl 1):S1e34. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Albers R, et al. A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr. 2013;109(Suppl 1):S1e34. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанова Т. В., Иванов А. Н., Терешкина Н. Е. и др. Маркеры эндотелиальной дисфункции: патогенетическая роль и диагностическое значение (обзор литературы). Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2019;64(1):34-41. doi:10.18821/OB69-20190-64-1-34-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanova TV, Ivanov AN, Terechkina NE, et al. Markers of endothelial dysfunction: pathogenetic role and diagnostic significance (literature review). Clinical laboratory diagnostics. 2019;64(1):34-41. (In Russ.) doi:10.18821/OB69-20190-64-1-34-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулик Е. Г., Павленко В. И., Нарышкина С. В. Фактор Виллебранда и дисфункция сосудистого эндотелия у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких. Амурский медицинский журнал. 2017;1(17):41-3. doi:10.22448/amj.2017.17.41-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulik EG, Pavlenko VI, Naryshkina SV. Von Willebrand factor and vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Amur Medical Journal. 2017; 1(17):41-3. (In Russ.) doi:10.22448/amj.2017.17.41-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина М. В. Эндотелий — мишень для новых терапевтических стратегий при сосудистых заболеваниях головного мозга. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. 2017;117(10):122-30. doi:10.17116/jnevro2017117101122-130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV. Endothelium as a target for new therapeutic strategies in cerebral vascular diseases. S. S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017;117(10):122-30. (In Russ.) doi:10.17116/jnevro2017117101122-130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao X, Yang S, Lei R, et al. Clinical study on the feasibility of new thrombus markers in predicting massive cerebral infarction. Front Neurol. 2023;13:942887. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.942887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao X, Yang S, Lei R, et al. Clinical study on the feasibility of new thrombus markers in predicting massive cerebral infarction. Front Neurol. 2023;13:942887. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.942887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li F, Yuan L, Shao N, et al. Changes and significance of vascular endothelial injury markers in patients with diabetes mellitus and pulmonary thromboembolism. BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):183. doi:10.1186/s12890-023-02486-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li F, Yuan L, Shao N, et al. Changes and significance of vascular endothelial injury markers in patients with diabetes mellitus and pulmonary thromboembolism. BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):183. doi:10.1186/s12890-023-02486-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdbruegger U, Haubitz M, Woywodt A. Circulating endothelial cells: a novel marker of endothelial damage. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;373(1-2):17-26. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.05.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdbruegger U, Haubitz M, Woywodt A. Circulating endothelial cells: a novel marker of endothelial damage. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;373(1-2):17-26. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.05.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрищев Н. Н., Беркович О. А., Власов Т. Д. и др. Диагностическая ценность определения десквамированных эндотелиальных клеток в крови. Клиническая и лабораторная диагностика 2001;(1):50-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrishchev NN, Berkovich OA, Vlasov TD, et al. Diagnostic value of determination of desquamated endothelial cells in the blood. Klinicheskaya i laboratornaya diagnostika. 2001;(1):50-2. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
