<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardiovascular</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-8800</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0125</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1728-8800-2026-4457</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">TKYZRX</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardiovascular-4457</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ATHEROSCLEROSIS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гендерные особенности атеросклеротического поражения сонных артерий у пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника: исследование случай-контроль</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gender-specific patterns of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-3803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Генкель</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Genkel</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">henkel-07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7039-838X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зарипова</surname><given-names>Я. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaripova</surname><given-names>Ya. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yanakud123@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-9854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Случанко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sluchanko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры госпитальной терапии </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant of the Department of Hospital Therapy, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pauttova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-2990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgueni.lebedev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0658-7626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пыхова</surname><given-names>Л. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pykhova</surname><given-names>L. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyubov_pykhova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-0875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сумеркина</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sumerkina</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, заведующая </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Central Research Laboratory, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veronika.sumerkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-9278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никушкина</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikushkina</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач клинической лабораторной диагностики НИИ иммунологии </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor of the Research Institute of Immunology, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">knikushkina81@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1136-7284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzja321@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-8092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саенко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna-selyanina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9320-2899</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий гастроэнтерологическим отделением</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Gastroenterology Department, City Clinical Hospital №1 of Chelyabinsk</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Svetlanamerkulovaa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-1699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгушина</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgushina</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой госпитальной терапии </p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy, South Ural State Medical University</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dolgushinaai@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО "Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет" Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ ОТКЗ «Городская клиническая больница № 1 г. Челябинск»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>4457</fpage><lpage>4457</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Генкель В.В., Зарипова Я.И., Случанко А.С., Лебедев Е.В., Пыхова Л.Р., Сумеркина В.А., Никушкина К.В., Кузнецова А.С., Саенко А.А., Меркулова С.А., Долгушина А.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Генкель В.В., Зарипова Я.И., Случанко А.С., Лебедев Е.В., Пыхова Л.Р., Сумеркина В.А., Никушкина К.В., Кузнецова А.С., Саенко А.А., Меркулова С.А., Долгушина А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Genkel V.V., Zaripova Y.I., Sluchanko A.S., Lebedev E.V., Pykhova L.R., Sumerkina V.A., Nikushkina K.V., Kuznetsova A.S., Saenko A.A., Merkulova S.A., Dolgushina A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4457">https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4457</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить влияние пола на ультразвуковую морфологию атеросклеротической бляшки (АСБ) и бремя атеросклероза у пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника (ВЗК) и каротидным атеросклерозом.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Исследование спланировано по типу "случай-контроль". В основную группу (n=59, 28 женщин и 31 мужчина) включали пациентов в возрасте 40-64 лет с ВЗК, у которых были выявлены АСБ артерий каротидного бассейна. Группа контроля (n=149, 56 женщин и 93 мужчины) была подобрана из базы пациентов, имеющих каротидные АСБ. Всем пациентам проводили дуплексное сканирование артерий каротидного бассейна с определением эхогенности АСБ и измерением максимальной высоты, суммарной высоты и суммарной площади АСБ. Результаты. Эхогенность каротидных АСБ была значимо ниже у женщин с ВЗК в сравнении с группой контроля (p=0,011). Максимальная и суммарная высота АСБ, а также суммарная площадь АСБ была выше у женщин с ВЗК в сравнении с группой контроля (p=0,001; p=0,003; p=0,026, соответственно). Наличие ВЗК у женщин ассоциировалось с увеличением отношения шансов наличия гипоэхогенных каротидных АСБ в 4,14 раза (95% доверительный интервал: 1,11-15,5; p=0,035) после поправки на возраст, ожирение, курение, артериальную гипертензию, уровни холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности, триглицеридов, глюкозы и прием гиполипидемической терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Женщины с ВЗК отличались меньшей эхогенностью каротидных АСБ и более высокими значениями показателей бремени каротидного атеросклероза в сравнении с сопоставимым по возрасту контролем. Наличие ВЗК ассоциировано с увеличением шансов визуализации гипоэхогенных каротидных АСБ среди женщин.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study the influence of sex on the ultrasound plaque morphology and the burden of atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and carotid atherosclerosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. This case-control study included 59 patients (28 women and 31 men) aged 40-64 years with IBD and carotid atherosclerosis. The control group (n=149, 56 women and 93 men) was recruited from a database of patients with carotid plaques. All patients underwent carotid duplex ultrasound to determine plaque echogenicity and measure the maximum height, total height, and total area of plaques.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The carotid plaque echogenicity was significantly lower in women with IBD compared to the control group (p=0,011). The maximum and total heights of carotid plaques, as well as the total area of carotid plaques, were higher in women with IBD compared to the control group (p=0,001; p=0,003; p=0,026, respectively). IBD in women was associated with a 4,14-fold increase in the odds ratio of hypoechoic carotid plaques (95% confidence interval: 1,11-15,5; p=0,035) after adjusting for age, obesity, smoking, hypertension, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose levels, and lipid-lowering therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Women with IBD had lower echogenicity of carotid plaques and higher carotid atherosclerosis burden scores compared with age-matched controls. IBD is associated with an increased probability of hypoechoic carotid plaques among women.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бремя атеросклероза</kwd><kwd>воспалительные заболевания кишечника</kwd><kwd>каротидный атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>эхогенность каротидной атеросклеротической бляшки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis burden</kwd><kwd>inflammatory bowel disease</kwd><kwd>carotid atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>carotid plaque echogenicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомичева О. А., Балахонова Т. В., Погорелова О. А. и др. Атеросклеротическая нагруженность периферических артерий в диагностике коронарного атеросклероза при ревматоидном артрите. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2024;29(8):5902. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2024-5902.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomicheva OA, Balakhonova TV, Pogorelova OA, et al. Peripheral plaque burden in the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(8): 5902. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2024-5902.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Follin-Arbelet B, Cvancarova Småstuen M, Hovde Ø, et al. Mortality in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from 30 Years of Follow-up in a Norwegian Inception Cohort (the IBSEN study). J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(4):497-503. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Follin-Arbelet B, Cvancarova Småstuen M, Hovde Ø, et al. Mortality in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from 30 Years of Follow-up in a Norwegian Inception Cohort (the IBSEN study). J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(4):497-503. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бикбавова Г. Р., Ливзан М. А. Системное воспаление и кардиоваскулярные риски у больных воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника: что необходимо учитывать? Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021;1(6):112-20. doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-190-6-112-120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bikbavova GB, Livzan MA. Cardiovascular risks in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: what should be taken into account? Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;1(6):112-20. (In Russ.) doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-190-6-112-120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D'Ascenzo F, Bruno F, Iannaccone M, et al. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of atherothrombotic disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2023;378:96-104. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.02.042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D'Ascenzo F, Bruno F, Iannaccone M, et al. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of atherothrombotic disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2023;378:96-104. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.02.042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sleutjes JAM, van der Woude CJ, Verploegh PJP, et al. Cardiovascular risk profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease differ from matched controls from the general population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(15):1615-22. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sleutjes JAM, van der Woude CJ, Verploegh PJP, et al. Cardiovascular risk profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease differ from matched controls from the general population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(15):1615-22. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinh P, Cross RK. Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Causes and Consequences. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2024;20(4):204-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinh P, Cross RK. Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Causes and Consequences. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2024;20(4):204-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marín-Jiménez I, Carpio D, Hernández V, et al. Spanish Working Group in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) position paper on cardiovascular disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;48(5):502314. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2024.502314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marín-Jiménez I, Carpio D, Hernández V, et al. Spanish Working Group in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) position paper on cardiovascular disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;48(5):502314. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2024.502314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаев Г. О., Трушина О. Ю., Исайкина М. А. и др. Влияние воспалительных заболеваний кишечника на риск развития атеросклероза: оценка по данным ультразвуковой диагностики и сфигмометрии. Терапевтический архив. 2025;97(1):29-34. doi:10.26442/00403660.2025.01.203028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaev GO, Trushina OIu, Isaikina MA, et al. The effect of inflammatory bowel diseases on the risk of atherosclerosis: assessment according to ultrasound imaging and sphygmometry. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2025;97(1):29-34. (In Russ.) doi:10.26442/00403660.2025.01.203028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasir K, Acquah I, Dey AK, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in U.S. adults-A population-level analysis in the national health interview survey. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;9:100316. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasir K, Acquah I, Dey AK, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in U.S. adults-A population-level analysis in the national health interview survey. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;9:100316. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alayo QA, Loftus EV Jr, Yarur A, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Incident Acute Arterial Events: Analysis of the United Kingdom Biobank. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(3):761-70.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.08.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alayo QA, Loftus EV Jr, Yarur A, et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Incident Acute Arterial Events: Analysis of the United Kingdom Biobank. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(3):761-70.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.08.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fang L, Gao H, Gao X, et al. Risks of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:52-8. doi:10.1093/ibd/izab326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fang L, Gao H, Gao X, et al. Risks of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:52-8. doi:10.1093/ibd/izab326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olivera PA, Zuily S, Kotze PG, et al. International consensus on the prevention of venous and arterial thrombotic events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(12):857-73. doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00492-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olivera PA, Zuily S, Kotze PG, et al. International consensus on the prevention of venous and arterial thrombotic events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(12):857-73. doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00492-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naami R, Tashtish N, Neeland IJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium scoring for cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am Heart J. 2023;266:120-7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2023.08.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naami R, Tashtish N, Neeland IJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium scoring for cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am Heart J. 2023;266:120-7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2023.08.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генкель В. В., Кузнецова А. С., Лебедев Е. В. и др. Факторы, связанные с эхогенностью атеросклеротических бляшек, у пациентов в возрасте 40-64 лет с каротидным атеросклерозом. Кардиология. 2021;61(6):35-40. doi:10.18087/cardio.2021.6.n1536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genkel VV, Kuznetsova AS, Lebedev EV, et al. Factors associated with atherosclerotic plaque echogenicity in patients aged 40-64 with carotid atherosclerosis. Kardiologiia. 2021;61(6):35-40. (In Russ.) doi:10.18087/cardio.2021.6.n1536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Погорелова О. А., Трипотень М. И., Хамчиева Л. Ш. и др. Эхогенность атеросклеротической бляшки сонной артерии и ее связь с развитием неблагоприятных сердечно-сосудистых событий. Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика. 2023;(4):35-48. doi:10.24835/1607-0771-2023-4-35-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pogorelova OA, Tripoten MA, Hamchieva LSh, et al. Echogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque — a criterion for assessing the dynamics and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Ultrasound &amp; Functional Diagnostics. 2023;(4):35-48. (In Russ.) 24835/1607-0771-2023-4-35-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genkel V, Kuznetsova A, Lebedev E, et al. Carotid total plaque area as an independent predictor of short-term subclinical polyvascular atherosclerosis progression and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2023; 17:17539447231194861. doi:10.1177/17539447231194861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genkel V, Kuznetsova A, Lebedev E, et al. Carotid total plaque area as an independent predictor of short-term subclinical polyvascular atherosclerosis progression and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2023; 17:17539447231194861. doi:10.1177/17539447231194861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magni P. The sex-associated burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: An update on prevention strategies. Mech Ageing Dev. 2023;212:111805. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2023.111805.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magni P. The sex-associated burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: An update on prevention strategies. Mech Ageing Dev. 2023;212:111805. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2023.111805.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Man JJ, Beckman JA, Jaffe IZ. Sex as a Biological Variable in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2020;126(9):1297-319. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.315930.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Man JJ, Beckman JA, Jaffe IZ. Sex as a Biological Variable in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2020;126(9):1297-319. doi:10.1161/ CIRCRESAHA.120.315930.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драпкина О. М., Ким О. Т. Половые и гендерные различия в здоровье и болезни. Часть II. Клиническая и медико-социальная. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2023;22(12):3831. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3831. EDN: WJNNUC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina OM, Kim OT. Sex and gender differences in health and disease. Part II. Clinical and medical-social. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023;22(12):3831. (In Russ.) doi:10. 15829/1728-8800-2023-3831. EDN: WJNNUC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim HL. Differences in Risk Factors for Coronary Atherosclerosis According to Sex. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2024;13(2):97-110. doi:10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim HL. Differences in Risk Factors for Coronary Atherosclerosis According to Sex. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2024;13(2):97-110. doi:10.12997/jla.2024.13.2.97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajendran A, Minhas AS, Kazzi B, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023;384:117269. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajendran A, Minhas AS, Kazzi B, et al. Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular risk factors and implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Atherosclerosis. 2023;384:117269. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajoolabady A, Pratico D, Lin L, et al. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: pathophysiology and mechanisms. Cell Death Dis. 2024; 15(11):817. doi:10.1038/s41419-024-07166-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajoolabady A, Pratico D, Lin L, et al. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: pathophysiology and mechanisms. Cell Death Dis. 2024; 15(11):817. doi:10.1038/s41419-024-07166-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ершова А. И., Балахонова Т. В., Мешков А. Н. и др. Распространенность атеросклероза сонных и бедренных артерий среди населения Ивановской области: исследование АТЕРОГЕН-Иваново. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2021; 20(5):2994. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershova AI, Balakhonova TV, Meshkov AN, et al. Prevalence of carotid and femoral artery atherosclerosis among the Ivanovo Oblast population: data from the ATEROGEN-Ivanovo study. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(5):2994. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bermúdez-López M, Martínez-Alonso M, Castro-Boqué E, et al. Subclinical atheromatosis localization and burden in a lowto- moderate cardiovascular risk population: the ILERVAS study. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2021;74(12):1042-53. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2020.09.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bermúdez-López M, Martínez-Alonso M, Castro-Boqué E, et al. Subclinical atheromatosis localization and burden in a lowto- moderate cardiovascular risk population: the ILERVAS study. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2021;74(12):1042-53. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2020.09.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ha C, Magowan S, Accortt NA, et al. Risk of arterial thrombotic events in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104(6):1445-51. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ha C, Magowan S, Accortt NA, et al. Risk of arterial thrombotic events in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104(6):1445-51. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S, Singh H, Loftus EV Jr, et al. Risk of cerebrovascular accidents and ischemic heart disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(3):382-93.e1:quiz e22. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.08.023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh S, Singh H, Loftus EV Jr, et al. Risk of cerebrovascular accidents and ischemic heart disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(3):382-93.e1:quiz e22. doi:10.1016/j.cgh. 2013.08.023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi YJ, Lee DH, Shin DW, et al. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(7):769-79. doi:10.1111/apt.15446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi YJ, Lee DH, Shin DW, et al. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(7):769-79. doi:10. 1111/apt.15446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bigeh A, Sanchez A, Maestas C, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease: Does all inflammation lead to heart disease? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(8):463-9. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.10.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bigeh A, Sanchez A, Maestas C, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease: Does all inflammation lead to heart disease? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(8):463-9. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.10.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lungaro L, Costanzini A, Manza F, et al. Impact of Female Gender in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med. 2023;13(2):165. doi:10.3390/jpm13020165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lungaro L, Costanzini A, Manza F, et al. Impact of Female Gender in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med. 2023;13(2):165. doi:10.3390/jpm13020165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salem DA, El-Ijla R, AbuMusameh RR, et al. Sex-related differences in profiles and clinical outcomes of Inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24(1):425. doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03514-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salem DA, El-Ijla R, AbuMusameh RR, et al. Sex-related differences in profiles and clinical outcomes of Inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24(1):425. doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03514-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Civieri G, Abohashem S, Grewal SS, et al. Anxiety and Depression Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk Through Accelerated Development of Risk Factors. JACC Adv. 2024;3(9): 101208. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Civieri G, Abohashem S, Grewal SS, et al. Anxiety and Depression Associated With Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk Through Accelerated Development of Risk Factors. JACC Adv. 2024;3(9): 101208. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rustgi SD, Kayal M, Shah SC. Sex-based differences in inflammatory bowel diseases: a review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020; 13:1756284820915043. doi:10.1177/1756284820915043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rustgi SD, Kayal M, Shah SC. Sex-based differences in inflammatory bowel diseases: a review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020; 13:1756284820915043. doi:10.1177/1756284820915043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хлынова О. В., Степина Е. А. Нарушение кишечной проницаемости и ее роль в развитии сердечно-сосудистых осложнений у лиц с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2022;(11):36-45. doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-207-11-36-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khlynova OV, Stepina EA. Disturbance of intestinal permeability and its role in the development of cardiovascular complications in persons with inflammatory bowel diseases. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2022;(11):36-45. (In Russ.) doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-207-11-36-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J, Chen Y, Yu Q, et al. Estrogen receptor β alleviates colitis in intestinal epithelial cells and activates HIF-1a and ATG-9a-mediated autophagy. Exp Cell Res. 2025;447(2):114520. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114520.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J, Chen Y, Yu Q, et al. Estrogen receptor β alleviates colitis in intestinal epithelial cells and activates HIF-1a and ATG-9a-mediated autophagy. Exp Cell Res. 2025;447(2):114520. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114520.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong W, Peng Q, Liu Z, et al. Estrogen plays an important role by influencing the NLRP3 inflammasome. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;167:115554. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong W, Peng Q, Liu Z, et al. Estrogen plays an important role by influencing the NLRP3 inflammasome. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;167:115554. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merrheim J, Villegas J, Van Wassenhove J, et al. Estrogen, estrogen- like molecules and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(3):102468. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merrheim J, Villegas J, Van Wassenhove J, et al. Estrogen, estrogen- like molecules and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(3):102468. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Constantin AM, Baicus C. Estradiol in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2023;19(2):274-6. doi:10.4183/aeb.2023.274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Constantin AM, Baicus C. Estradiol in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2023;19(2):274-6. doi:10.4183/aeb.2023.274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moran CA, Collins LF, Beydoun N, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Immune Disorders in Women. Circ Res. 2022;130(4):593-610. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319877.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moran CA, Collins LF, Beydoun N, et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Immune Disorders in Women. Circ Res. 2022;130(4):593-610. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319877.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blumenstein I, Sonnenberg E. Sex- and gender-related differences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Front. Gastroenterol. 2023;2: 1199687. doi:10.3389/fgstr.2023.1199687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blumenstein I, Sonnenberg E. Sex- and gender-related differences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Front. Gastroenterol. 2023;2: 1199687. doi:10.3389/fgstr.2023.1199687.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
