cardiovascularКардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактикаCardiovascular Therapy and Prevention1728-88002619-0125«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC10.15829/1728-8800-2014-3-58-62cardiovascular-70Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПРЕДИНФАРКТНАЯ СТЕНОКАРДИЯ КАК КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ФОРМА ФЕНОМЕНА ИШЕМИЧЕСКОГО ПРЕКОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ МИОКАРДАPREINFARCTION ANGINA AS A CLINICAL FORM OF THE ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING PHENOMENONЛыкасоваЕ. А.LykasovaE. A.

к. м.н., врач отделения функциональной диагностики № 2

Lykasova@cardio.tmn.ruТодосийчукВ. В.TodosiychukV. V.

д. м.н., заведующий отделением функциональной диагностики, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории инструментальной диагностики

Lykasova@cardio.tmn.ruКузнецовВ. А.KuznetsovV. A.

д. м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, директор

Lykasova@cardio.tmn.ruЮркинаЮ. А.YurkinaY. A.

к. м.н., научный сотрудник ЛИД НОИМИ, врач отделения функциональной диагностики № 2

Lykasova@cardio.tmn.ruФилиал ФГБУ “НИИ кардиологи” СО РАМН “Тюменский кардиологический центр”, ТюменьInstitute of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology “Tyumen Cardiology Centre”. Tyumen, Russia2014200620141335862Copyright © Лыкасова Е.А., Тодосийчук В.В., Кузнецов В.А., Юркина Ю.А., 20142014Лыкасова Е.А., Тодосийчук В.В., Кузнецов В.А., Юркина Ю.А.Lykasova E.A., Todosiychuk V.V., Kuznetsov V.A., Yurkina Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://cardiovascular.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/70

Короткие эпизоды миокардиальной ишемии индуцируют эндогенные кардиопротективные механизмы, связанные с феноменом ишемического прекондиционирования (ИП) миокарда. Одной из общепринятых клинических форм проявления феномена ИП является прединфарктная стенокардия (ПС). В большом количестве исследований было показано, что ПС ассоциируется с: меньшей частотой развития кардиогенного шока, отека легких, желудочковой тахикардии и фибрилляции желудочков; меньшим размером зоны некроза миокарда; меньшей выраженностью левожелудочковой дисфункции; лучшими результатами тромболитической терапии; меньшей выраженностью реперфузионного повреждения миокарда; лучшими госпитальным и отдаленным прогнозами. В то же время, имеются данные о снижении кардиопротективного влияния ПС у больных пожилого возраста, при наличии сопутствующего сахарного диабета, гипертрофии левого желудочка, гиперхолестеринемии, приеме некоторых лекарственных препаратов. В данной работе представлено обобщение литературных данных о наиболее важных клинических аспектах ПС.

Brief episodes of myocardial ischemia initiate a cascade of endogenous mechanisms which protect the heart during further ischemic attack. This phenomenon is called an ischemic preconditioning. Preinfarction angina is a clinical model of this phenomenon. Clinical studies have demonstrated that preinfarction angina is associated with: lower incidence of cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, reduced infarct size, less severe left ventricular dysfunction, better results of thrombolytic therapy, less severe myocardial reperfusion injury, better hospital and long-term prognosis. There is evidence that elderly age, presence of diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy and hypercholesterolemia do reduce the cardioprotective effect of preinfarction angina. Preinfarction angina may be an additional criterion of risk stratification in myocardial infarction patients. This review summarizes data from the literature on the most important aspects of preinfarction angina.

прединфарктная стенокардияишемическое прекондиционированиеинфаркт миокардаischemic preconditioningpreinfarction anginamyocardial infarctionReferencesOttani F, Galli M, Zerboni S, Galvani M. Prodromal angina limits infarct size in the setting of acute anterior myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous intervention. JAСC 2005; 45 (9): 1545–7.Ottani F, Galli M, Zerboni S, Galvani M. Prodromal angina limits infarct size in the setting of acute anterior myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous intervention. JAСC 2005; 45 (9): 1545–7.Chernov SA. Unstable angina: Pathogenesis and treatment. Russ J Cardiol 2002; 1:6–10. Russian (Чернов С. А. Нестабильная стенокардия: особенности патогенеза и лечения. Российский кардиологический журнал 2002; 1: 6–10).Chernov SA. Unstable angina: Pathogenesis and treatment. Russ J Cardiol 2002; 1:6–10. Russian (Чернов С. А. Нестабильная стенокардия: особенности патогенеза и лечения. Российский кардиологический журнал 2002; 1: 6–10).Abe Y. Effect of Preinfarction Angina on Heart Rate Variability in the Early Phase of the First Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2002; 66: 431–4.Abe Y. Effect of Preinfarction Angina on Heart Rate Variability in the Early Phase of the First Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2002; 66: 431–4.Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Wong ND, et al. Pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and long term prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 863–72.Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Wong ND, et al. Pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and long term prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 863–72.Gheeraert PJ, Henriques J, Buyzere M, et al. Preinfarction Angina Protects Against Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Occlusion of the Left Coronary Artery. JACC 2001; 38: 1369–74.Gheeraert PJ, Henriques J, Buyzere M, et al. Preinfarction Angina Protects Against Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Occlusion of the Left Coronary Artery. JACC 2001; 38: 1369–74.Papadopoulos CE, Zioutas DG, Giannakoulas GA, et al. Beneficial effect of ischemic preconditioning on post-infarction left ventricular remodeling and global left ventricular function. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2011; 12 (5): 286–91.Papadopoulos CE, Zioutas DG, Giannakoulas GA, et al. Beneficial effect of ischemic preconditioning on post-infarction left ventricular remodeling and global left ventricular function. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2011; 12 (5): 286–91.Maruhashi T, Ishihara M, Inoue I, et al. Effect of Prodromal Angina on the Infarct Progresion in Patients With First ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2010; 74 (8): 1651–7.Maruhashi T, Ishihara M, Inoue I, et al. Effect of Prodromal Angina on the Infarct Progresion in Patients With First ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2010; 74 (8): 1651–7.Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Clinical aspects of the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning myocardium. In. Coronary and heart failure. Tomsk: STT; 2005. рр.169–78. Rusian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Клинические аспекты феномена ишемического прекондиционирования миокарда. В кн: Коронарная и сердечная недостаточность. Томск: STT 2005; 169–78).Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Clinical aspects of the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning myocardium. In. Coronary and heart failure. Tomsk: STT; 2005. рр.169–78. Rusian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Клинические аспекты феномена ишемического прекондиционирования миокарда. В кн: Коронарная и сердечная недостаточность. Томск: STT 2005; 169–78).Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1986; 74: 1124–36.Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1986; 74: 1124–36.Yellon DM, Downey JM. Preconditioning the myocardium: from cellular physiology to clinical cardiology. Physiol Rev 2003; 83: 1113–51.Yellon DM, Downey JM. Preconditioning the myocardium: from cellular physiology to clinical cardiology. Physiol Rev 2003; 83: 1113–51.Rezkalla S, Kloner R. Preconditioning in humans. Heart Fail Rev 2007; 12 (3–4): 201–6.Rezkalla S, Kloner R. Preconditioning in humans. Heart Fail Rev 2007; 12 (3–4): 201–6.Churchill EN, Ferreira JC, Brum PC, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning improves proteasomal activity and increases the degradation of deltaPKC during reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85 (2): 385–94.Churchill EN, Ferreira JC, Brum PC, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning improves proteasomal activity and increases the degradation of deltaPKC during reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85 (2): 385–94.Abete P, Testa C, Cacciatore F, et al. Ischemic Preconditioning in the Younger and Aged Heart. Aging and Disease 2011; 2: 138–48.Abete P, Testa C, Cacciatore F, et al. Ischemic Preconditioning in the Younger and Aged Heart. Aging and Disease 2011; 2: 138–48.Heusch G. Cardioprotection: chances and challenges of its translation to the clinic. www.thelancet.com / http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736 (12) 60916–7 (22 October 2012)Heusch G. Cardioprotection: chances and challenges of its translation to the clinic. www.thelancet.com / http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736 (12) 60916–7 (22 October 2012)Baczkу I, Husti Z, Lang V, et al. Sarcolemmal KATP channel modulators and cardiac arrhythmias. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18 (24): 3640–61.Baczkу I, Husti Z, Lang V, et al. Sarcolemmal KATP channel modulators and cardiac arrhythmias. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18 (24): 3640–61.Lupanov VP, Maksimenko AV. The protective ischemia in cardiology. Forms of conditioning infarction. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2011; 10 (1): 111–9. Russian (Лупанов В. П., Максименко А. В. Протективная ишемия в кардиологии. Формы кондиционирования миокарда. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2011; 10 (1): 111–9).Lupanov VP, Maksimenko AV. The protective ischemia in cardiology. Forms of conditioning infarction. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2011; 10 (1): 111–9. Russian (Лупанов В. П., Максименко А. В. Протективная ишемия в кардиологии. Формы кондиционирования миокарда. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2011; 10 (1): 111–9).Minamino T. Cardioprotection From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation 2012; 76: 1074–82.Minamino T. Cardioprotection From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation 2012; 76: 1074–82.Lamendola P, Monaco AD, Barone L, et al. Mechanisms of myocardial cell protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury and potential clinical implications. Ital Cardiol 2009; 10: 28–36.Lamendola P, Monaco AD, Barone L, et al. Mechanisms of myocardial cell protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury and potential clinical implications. Ital Cardiol 2009; 10: 28–36.Perrelli MG, Pagliaro P, Penna C. Ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotective mechanisms: Role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. World J Cardiol 2011; 3 (6): 186–200.Perrelli MG, Pagliaro P, Penna C. Ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotective mechanisms: Role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. World J Cardiol 2011; 3 (6): 186–200.Lшnborg J, Kelbжk H, Vejlstrup N, et al. Influence of pre-infarction angina, collateral flow, and pre-procedural TIMI flow on myocardial salvage index by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 13 (5): 433–43.Lшnborg J, Kelbжk H, Vejlstrup N, et al. Influence of pre-infarction angina, collateral flow, and pre-procedural TIMI flow on myocardial salvage index by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 13 (5): 433–43.Braunwald E. Acute myocardial infarction — the value of being prepared. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 51–2.Braunwald E. Acute myocardial infarction — the value of being prepared. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 51–2.Yamagishi H, Akioka K, Hirata K, et al. Effects of preinfarction angina on myocardial injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a study with resting 123I-BMIPP and 201TI myocardial SPECT. J Nucl Med 2000; 41: 830–6.Yamagishi H, Akioka K, Hirata K, et al. Effects of preinfarction angina on myocardial injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a study with resting 123I-BMIPP and 201TI myocardial SPECT. J Nucl Med 2000; 41: 830–6.Andreotti F, Pasceri V, Hackett DR, et al. Preinfarction angina as a predictor of more rapid coronary thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:7–12.Andreotti F, Pasceri V, Hackett DR, et al. Preinfarction angina as a predictor of more rapid coronary thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:7–12.Evrengul H, Celek T, Tanriverdi H, et al. The effect of preinfarction angina on clinical reperfusion time in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving successful thrombolytic therapy. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21 (11): 915–20.Evrengul H, Celek T, Tanriverdi H, et al. The effect of preinfarction angina on clinical reperfusion time in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving successful thrombolytic therapy. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21 (11): 915–20.Scalone G, Coviello I, Barone L, et al. Brief low-workload myocardial ischaemia induces protection against exercise-related increase of platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 2010; 96 (4):263–8.Scalone G, Coviello I, Barone L, et al. Brief low-workload myocardial ischaemia induces protection against exercise-related increase of platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 2010; 96 (4):263–8.Kloner RA, Przyklenk K, Shook T, Cannon CP. Protection conferred by preinfarct angina is manifest in the aged heart: evidence from the TIMI-4 trial. J Thrombolysis 1998; 6: 89–92.Kloner RA, Przyklenk K, Shook T, Cannon CP. Protection conferred by preinfarct angina is manifest in the aged heart: evidence from the TIMI-4 trial. J Thrombolysis 1998; 6: 89–92.Barbagelata A, Califf RM, Sgarbossa EB, et al. Prognostic value of predischarge electrocardiographic measurement of infarct size after thrombolysis: insights from GUSTO I Economics and Quality of Life substudy. Am Heart J 2004; 148 (5): 795–802.Barbagelata A, Califf RM, Sgarbossa EB, et al. Prognostic value of predischarge electrocardiographic measurement of infarct size after thrombolysis: insights from GUSTO I Economics and Quality of Life substudy. Am Heart J 2004; 148 (5): 795–802.Muller DW, Topol EJ, Califf RM, et al. Relationship between antecedent angina pectoris and short-term prognosis after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 224–31.Muller DW, Topol EJ, Califf RM, et al. Relationship between antecedent angina pectoris and short-term prognosis after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 224–31.Lorgis L, Gudjoncik A, Richard C, et al. Pre-Infarction Angina and Outcomes in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Data from the RICO Survey. PLoS ONE 7 (12): e48513. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048513 (18 December 2012).Lorgis L, Gudjoncik A, Richard C, et al. Pre-Infarction Angina and Outcomes in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Data from the RICO Survey. PLoS ONE 7 (12): e48513. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048513 (18 December 2012).Iglesias-Garriz I, Fernбndez-Vazquez F, Perez A, et al. Preinfarction angina limits myocardial infarction size in nondiabetic patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty. Chest 2005; 127 (4): 1116–21.Iglesias-Garriz I, Fernбndez-Vazquez F, Perez A, et al. Preinfarction angina limits myocardial infarction size in nondiabetic patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty. Chest 2005; 127 (4): 1116–21.Papadopoulos CE, Karvounis HI, Parharidis GE, Louridas GE. Multiple episodes if ischemic preconditioning are not associated with loss of benefit: Preliminary clinical experience. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21 (14): 1291–5.Papadopoulos CE, Karvounis HI, Parharidis GE, Louridas GE. Multiple episodes if ischemic preconditioning are not associated with loss of benefit: Preliminary clinical experience. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21 (14): 1291–5.Reiter R, Henry TD, Traverse JH. Preinfarction Angina Reduces Infarct Size in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6 (1): 52–8.Reiter R, Henry TD, Traverse JH. Preinfarction Angina Reduces Infarct Size in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6 (1): 52–8.Pak YuA, Lykasova EA, Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Effect of preinfarction angina on hospital period in patients with myocardial infarction. Heart 2009; 8 (4): 218–20. Russian (Пак Ю. А., Лыкасова Е. А., Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Влияние прединфарктной стенокардии на течение госпитального периода у больных инфарктом миокарда. Сердце 2009; 8 (4): 218–20).Pak YuA, Lykasova EA, Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Effect of preinfarction angina on hospital period in patients with myocardial infarction. Heart 2009; 8 (4): 218–20. Russian (Пак Ю. А., Лыкасова Е. А., Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Влияние прединфарктной стенокардии на течение госпитального периода у больных инфарктом миокарда. Сердце 2009; 8 (4): 218–20).Papadopoulos CE, Karvounis HI, Parharidis GE, Louridas GE. Preconditioning Reduces QTc Value in Patients with First Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2003; 8 (4): 275–83.Papadopoulos CE, Karvounis HI, Parharidis GE, Louridas GE. Preconditioning Reduces QTc Value in Patients with First Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2003; 8 (4): 275–83.Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA, Nochrina OYu, et al. The phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning, ventricular arrhythmias and interval QT dispersion: evaluation by paired treadmill tests. Herald arrhythmology 2005; 39: 28–30. Russian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А., Нохрина О. Ю. и др. Феномен ишемического прекондиционирования миокарда, желудочковая экстрасистолия и дисперсия интервала QT: оценка методом парных тредмил-тестов. Вестник аритмологии 2005; 39: 28–30).Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA, Nochrina OYu, et al. The phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning, ventricular arrhythmias and interval QT dispersion: evaluation by paired treadmill tests. Herald arrhythmology 2005; 39: 28–30. Russian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А., Нохрина О. Ю. и др. Феномен ишемического прекондиционирования миокарда, желудочковая экстрасистолия и дисперсия интервала QT: оценка методом парных тредмил-тестов. Вестник аритмологии 2005; 39: 28–30).Lykasova EA, Pak YuA, Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Effect of preinfarction angina on the arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction: assessment by Holter monitoring. Herald arrhythmology 2008; 50: 27–31. Russian (Лыкасова Е. А., Пак Ю. А., Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Влияние наличия предынфарктной стенокардии на аритмии в остром периоде инфаркта миокарда: оценка методом Холтеровского мониторирования. Вестник аритмологии 2008; 50: 27–31).Lykasova EA, Pak YuA, Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Effect of preinfarction angina on the arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction: assessment by Holter monitoring. Herald arrhythmology 2008; 50: 27–31. Russian (Лыкасова Е. А., Пак Ю. А., Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Влияние наличия предынфарктной стенокардии на аритмии в остром периоде инфаркта миокарда: оценка методом Холтеровского мониторирования. Вестник аритмологии 2008; 50: 27–31).Tamura A, Shinozaki K, Watanabe T, et al. Effect of Preinfarction Angina Pectoris on Myocardial Blush Grade After Reperfusion in First Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ J 2006; 70: 698–702.Tamura A, Shinozaki K, Watanabe T, et al. Effect of Preinfarction Angina Pectoris on Myocardial Blush Grade After Reperfusion in First Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ J 2006; 70: 698–702.Mladenovic ZT, Angelkov-Ristic A, Tavciovski D, et al. The cardioprotective role of preinfarction angina as shown in outcomes of patients after first myocardial infarction. Tex Heart Inst J 2008; 35 (4): 413–8.Mladenovic ZT, Angelkov-Ristic A, Tavciovski D, et al. The cardioprotective role of preinfarction angina as shown in outcomes of patients after first myocardial infarction. Tex Heart Inst J 2008; 35 (4): 413–8.Colonna P, Cadeddu C, Montisci R, et al. Reduced microvascular and myocardial damage in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preinfarction angina. Am Heart J 2002; 144: 796–803.Colonna P, Cadeddu C, Montisci R, et al. Reduced microvascular and myocardial damage in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preinfarction angina. Am Heart J 2002; 144: 796–803.Zahn R, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. Effect of preinfarction angina pectoris on outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty (results from the Myocardial Infarction Registry [MIR]). Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 1–6.Zahn R, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. Effect of preinfarction angina pectoris on outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty (results from the Myocardial Infarction Registry [MIR]). Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 1–6.Zhang Q, Zhang RY, Zhu TQ, et al. Impact of angina prior to acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction on short-term outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the Shanghai Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (SRACE). Chin Med J 2012; 125: 977–82.Zhang Q, Zhang RY, Zhu TQ, et al. Impact of angina prior to acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction on short-term outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the Shanghai Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (SRACE). Chin Med J 2012; 125: 977–82.Cohen MV, Downey JM. Oestrogen plays a permissive role in cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79 (3):353–4.Cohen MV, Downey JM. Oestrogen plays a permissive role in cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79 (3):353–4.Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Myocardial ischemic preconditioning (pathophysiological and clinical aspects). Tyumen.: Prospect 2005; 148р. Russian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Ишемическое прекондиционирование миокарда (патофизиологические и клинические аспекты). Тюмень: Проспект 2005; 148с).Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Myocardial ischemic preconditioning (pathophysiological and clinical aspects). Tyumen.: Prospect 2005; 148р. Russian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Ишемическое прекондиционирование миокарда (патофизиологические и клинические аспекты). Тюмень: Проспект 2005; 148с).Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Effect of dipyridamole on ischemic preconditioning in patients with coronary artery disease by paired bicycle exercise tests. Cardiology 2005; 9: 23–5. Russian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Влияние дипиридамола на феномен ишемического прекондиционирования у больных ишемической болезнью сердца при проведении парных велоэргометрий. Кардиология 2005; 9: 23–5).Todosiychuk VV, Kuznetsov VA. Effect of dipyridamole on ischemic preconditioning in patients with coronary artery disease by paired bicycle exercise tests. Cardiology 2005; 9: 23–5. Russian (Тодосийчук В. В., Кузнецов В. А. Влияние дипиридамола на феномен ишемического прекондиционирования у больных ишемической болезнью сердца при проведении парных велоэргометрий. Кардиология 2005; 9: 23–5).Mehilli J, Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, et al. Gender and Myocardial Salvage After Reperfusion Treatment in Acute Myocardial Infarction. JACC 2005; 45: 828–31.Mehilli J, Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, et al. Gender and Myocardial Salvage After Reperfusion Treatment in Acute Myocardial Infarction. JACC 2005; 45: 828–31.Hosokawa S, Hiasa Y, Murakami N, et al. The impact of gender difference on the effects of preinfarction angina on microvascular damage with reperfused myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33 (7): 412–7.Hosokawa S, Hiasa Y, Murakami N, et al. The impact of gender difference on the effects of preinfarction angina on microvascular damage with reperfused myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33 (7): 412–7.Takeuchi T, Ishii Y, Kikuchi K, Hasebe N. Ichemic Preconditioning Effect of Prodromal Angina Is Attenuated in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients With Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Circulation 2011; 75: 1192–9.Takeuchi T, Ishii Y, Kikuchi K, Hasebe N. Ichemic Preconditioning Effect of Prodromal Angina Is Attenuated in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients With Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Circulation 2011; 75: 1192–9.Jimйnez-Navarro MF, Muсoz-Garcнa A, Ramirez-Marrero MA, еt al. Preinfarction angina prior to first myocardial infarction does not influence long-term prognosis: a retrospective study with subgroup analysis in elderly and diabetic patients. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32 (9): 62–5.Jimйnez-Navarro MF, Muсoz-Garcнa A, Ramirez-Marrero MA, еt al. Preinfarction angina prior to first myocardial infarction does not influence long-term prognosis: a retrospective study with subgroup analysis in elderly and diabetic patients. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32 (9): 62–5.Forlani S, Tomai F, De Paulis R, et al. Preoperative shift from glibenclamide to insulin is cardioprotective in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 45: 117–22.Forlani S, Tomai F, De Paulis R, et al. Preoperative shift from glibenclamide to insulin is cardioprotective in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 45: 117–22.Lefer DJ, Nichols CG, Coetzee WA. Sulfonylurea receptor 1 subunits of ATPsensitive potassium channels and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19 (2): 61–7.Lefer DJ, Nichols CG, Coetzee WA. Sulfonylurea receptor 1 subunits of ATPsensitive potassium channels and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19 (2): 61–7.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.