THE INFLUENCE OF DYNAMIC AND STATIC PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON THE PARAMETERS OF INTRACARDIAC HEMODYNAMICS AND PHYSICAL ENDURANCE IN HIGHER-LEVEL SPORTSMEN

Material and methods. Totally, 136 sportsmen studied all males. Higher- level (qualified) sportsmen (groups of sports perfection and higher sports mastery) — 116 persons (mean age 22,07±4,10 y.; sports experience 5-15 years) depending on the type of activity were selected into groups as following: I (n=30) — wrestling, judo, II (n=27) — ski racing, biathlon, III (n=33) — powerlifting, IV (n=26)—volleyball. Group V (n=20) — controls (age 17,95±1,55 y.), with the experience not higher than 3 years. Investigation methods: electrocardiography, echocardiography (EchoCG), veloergometry. Results. By the data of ECG the parameters of intracardiac hemodynamics in sportsmen of all groups were in the normal range. There were significant differences found for the geometry of the heart between control group and higher-level sportsmen, and the controls had lower morphostructural parameters. In highly dynamic kinds of sports (ski racing, biathlon) the morphostructural changes are related to the increase of volumetric parameters of the left ventricle. Intensive static and low dynamic load in power kinds of sports (powerlifting) lead to the increase of myocardial mass, caused by thickness of the left ventricle walls. The highest values of the level of physical endurance and maximum oxygen consumption were in biathlon and ski racing sportsmen who train endurance. Conclusion. Study of the influence of dynamic and static physical exertion on the parameters of intracardiac hemodynamic, morphostructure of the heart and physical endurance is of definitive importance for the evaluation of cardiovascular adaptation potential in higher-level sportsmen. Depending on the type and intensity of the exertion adaptation mechanisms have their specifics. The obtained data can be used for on-time correction of the training regimens and for management of training-competition process in sportsmen of various kinds. That means, EchoCG and veloergometry must be included into the list of obligatory diagnostic methods that fulfill systemic dynamic control of cardiovascular system parameters in the highest achievement sportsmen, that has special significance for revealing of the signs of desadaptation and overtraining in longtime sports involvement.

1. Sports medicine: National Guide. Mironov SP, Polyaev BA, Makarova GA, eds. M.: GEOTAR-Media 2013; 1184 p. Russian (Спортивная медицина: Национальное руководство / под ред. акад. РАН и РАМН С. П. Миронова, проф. Б. А. Поляева, проф. Г. А. Макаровой. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа 2013; 1184 с).

2. Mikhailova AV, Smolensky AV. Overexertion of athlete's heart. Exercise Therapy and Sports Medicine 2009; 72(12): 26-32. Russian (Михайлова А. В., Смоленский А. В. Перенапряжение спортивного сердца. Лечебная физкультура и спортивная медицина 2009; 72 (12): 26-32).

3. Guidelines on quantitative assessment of structure and function of chambers of heart. Russ J Cardiol 2012; 3(95): 1-28. Russian (Рекомендации по количественной оценке структуры и функции камер сердца. Российский кардиологический журнал 2012; 3 (95): 1-28).

4. Smolensky AV, Mikhailova AV, Borisova YuA, et al. Features of physiological remodeling of athlete's heart. Exercise Therapy and Sports Medicine 2012; 102(6): 9-14. Russian (Смоленский А. В., Михайлова А. В., Борисова Ю. А. и др. Особенности физилогического ремоделирования спортивного сердца. Лечебная физкультура и спортивная медицина 2012; 102 (6): 9-14).

5. Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation 2006; 114 (15): 1633-44.

6. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjiornstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26 (5): 516-24.

7. National guidelines on eligibility of athletes with deviations from the side of cardiovascular system for training-competitive process. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 2011; 7(6):2-60. Russian (Национальные рекомендации по допу¬ску спортсменов с отклонениями со стороны сердечно-сосудистой системы к тренировочно-соревновательному процессу. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии 2011; 7 (6): 2-60).

8. Gavrilova EA. Athlete's heart. Stressor cardiomyopathy. M.: Sovetskij sport 2007; 200 p. Russian (Гаврилова Е. А. Спортивное сердце. Стрессорная кардиомиопатия. М.: Советский спорт 2007; 200 с).

9. Garganeeva NP, Taminova IF, Vorozhtsova IN. Diagnostics of early markers of state of maladaptation of cardiovascular system to load in athletes in preparatory and competitive periods of educational-training cycle. Kubanskii nauchnyi meditsinskii vestnik 2010; 122(8): 46-50. Russian (Гарганеева Н.П., Таминова И. Ф., Ворожцова И. Н. Диагностика ранних маркеров состояния дезадаптации сердечно-сосудитой системы к нагрузкам у спортсменов в подготовительном и соревновательном периодах учебно-тренировочного цикла. Кубанский научный медицинский вестник 2010; 122 (8): 46-50).

10. Mitchell JH, Haskell W, Snell P, Van. Camp. SP. Task Force 8: classification of sports. JACC 2005; 45 (8): 1364-7.

11. Belotserkovsky ZB. Ergometric and cardiological criteria of physical efficiency in athletes. M.: Sovetskij sport 2005; 312 p. Russian (Белоцерковский З. Б. Эргометрические и кардиологические критерии физической работоспособности у спортсменов. М.: Советский спорт 2005; 312 с).

12. Sirotin AB, Belozerova LM, Shchepina GM. Features of male heart morphology with different level of motor activity. Exercise Therapy and Sports Medicine 2010; 75(3): 21-4. Russian (Сиротин А.Б., Белозерова Л. М., Щепина Г. М. Особенности морфологии сердца мужчин с различным уровнем двигательной активности. Лечебная физкультура и спортивная медицина 2010; 75 (3): 21-4).

13. Didur MD. Prognostic significance of myocardial hypertrophy in athletes of high sports qualifications. Exercise Therapy and Sports Medicine 2010; 83(12):25- 33. Russian (Дидур М. Д. Прогностическое значение гипертрофии миокарда у спортсменов высоких спортивных квалификаций. Лечебная физкультура и спортивная медицина 2010; 83 (12): 25-33).

14. Nottin S, Doucende G, Schuster-Beck I, et al. Alteration in left ventricular normal and shear strains evaluated by 2D-strain echocardiography in the athlete's heart. The Journal of Physiology 2008; 586: 4721-33.