COMPOSITION OF DEATH RISK ACCORDING TO BEHAVIORAL FACTORS (SMOKING, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION) BY THE RESULTS OF 27-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Aim. To assess the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by the results from prospective cohort study of non-organized inhabitants of Tomsk city depending on behavioral risk factors — smoking, alcohol consumption, in 25 years observation.

Material and methods. The study was done on the model of nonorganized Tomsk city population. Totally, 1546 persons studied, of the age 20-59 y.o., 630 males, 916 females. The parameters of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality studied, as the prognostic significance of behavioral risk factors — smoking, alcohol consumption, in the all-cause mortality origin, as the mortality from cardiovascular diseases.

Results. The data acquired, on the increase of all-cause mortality risk in smokers 2,34 times, 1,93 times in men and 1,99 in women. Among those having quit smoking, mortality risk was also higher comparing to nonsmokers — 1,86 in general population; 1,83 in men. Cardiovascular mortality risk is also significantly higher in those influenced by tobacco smoking: relative mortality risk 1,58, females — 1,93; no significant data for males. Relative risk increases in those consuming alcohol frequently, 2,55 times comparing to those non-drinking, especially in younger age strata. Gender analysis showed remaining of all relations for whole population in men, and in women there were significant results only for frequent alcohol intake.

Conclusion. It was shown that smoking significantly increases the risk of all-cause mortality among persons of both ages; among those quit smoking risk of death is still higher as in current smokers, comparing to non-smokers. Frequent alcohol consumption increases the risk of alcohol intake 2.6 times comparing to non-drinkers. Moderate and rare alcohol intake also increases the risk of all-cause mortality. 

1. Muromtseva GA, Kontsevaya AV, Konstantinov VV, et al. The prevalence of noninfections diseases risk factors in Russian population in 2012-2013 years. The results of ECVD-RF. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2014; 13 (6): 4-11. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-6-4-11 Russian (Муромцева Г.А., Концевая А.В., Константинов В.В. и др. Распространенность факторов риска неинфекционных заболеваний в российской популяции в 2012-2013 гг. Результаты исследования ЭССЕ-РФ. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2014; 13 (6): 4-11. DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-6-4-11).

2. Pogosova NV, Ausheva AK, Kursakov AA, et al. Control of risk factors of development of cardiovascular diseases: Smoking cessation counceling. Kardiologiia 2014; 12: 80-5. Russian (Погосова Н.В., Аушева А.К., Курсаков А.А. и др. Контроль фак¬ торов риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний: консультирование по отказу от курения. Кардиология 2014; 12: 80-5).

3. Piepoli MF, Corra U, Adamopoulos S. Secondary Prevention in the Clinical Management of Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases. Core Components, Standards and Outcome Measures for Referral and Delivery. Eur J Prevent Cardiology 2014; 21 (6): 664-81.

4. Sherman BW, Lynch WD. The association of smoking with medical treatment adherence in the workforce of a large employer. Patient Preference and Adherence 2014; 8: 477-86.

5. Carter BD, Abnet CC, Feskanich D, et al. Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes. New Engl J Med 2015; 372: 631-40.

6. Thun M, Peto R, Boreham J, et al. Stages of cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. Tobacco Control 2012; 21: 96-101.

7. Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, et al. 21st-Century Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation in the United States. New Engl J Med 2013; 368: 341-50.

8. Global status report on alcohol and health, 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112736/1/9789240692763_eng.pdf

9. Maslennikova GYa, Oganov RG. Alcohol and the risk of non-communicable disease: control strategies in the Russian Federation. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2013; 12(4): 4-9. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2013-4-4-9 Russian (Масленникова Г.Я., Оганов Р.Г. Алкоголь и риск развития неинфекционных заболеваний: стратегия контроля в Российской Федерации. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2013; 12 (4): 4-9. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2013-4-4-9).

10. Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-Year Trends in Smoking-Related Mortality in the United States. New Engl J Med 2013; 368: 351-64.

11. Dolgalеv IV, Karpov RS, Zapodovnikov AK, et al. Dynamics of exposure to smoking of men and women in Tomsk according to the results of a 15 year prospective study. Health care of the Russian Federation 2008; 3: 44-6. Russian (Долгалев И.В., Карпов Р.С., Заподовников А.К. и др. Динамика подверженности курению муж¬ чин и женщин г. Томска по результатам 15 летнего проспективного когортного исследования. Здравоохранение Российской Федерации 2008; 3: 44-6).

12. Dolgalev IV, Karpov RS. A Stability of cardiovascular risk factors by the 17-year observational study. Russian Journal of Cardiology 2015; 1 (117): 67-71. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2015-1-67-71 Russian (Долгалев И.В., Карпов Р.С. Стабильность факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний по резуль¬ татам 17-летнего наблюдения. Российский кардиологический журнал 2015; 1 (117): 67-71. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2015-1-67-71).

13. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles, 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/128038/1/9789241507509_eng. pdf?ua=1

14. Zaridze D, Lewington S, Boroda A, et al. Alcohol and mortality in Russia: prospective observational study of 151 000 adults. Lancet 2014; 383: 1465-73.

15. Pogosova NV, Sokolova OYu, Koltunov IE. Alcohol, cardiovascular disease and physical health. Kardiologiia 2012; 5: 62-8. Russian (Погосова Н.В., Соколова О.Ю., Колтунов И.Е. Алкоголь, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания и соматическое здоровье. Кардиология 2012; 5: 62-8).