Educational and nutritional status of the adult population of the Russian Federation. The results of an epidemiological study ESSE-RF

Educational status affects the nature of nutrition.

Aim. To study the differences in the nutrition pattern of the adult population of the Russian Federation, depending on the educational qualification.

Material and methods. The analysis includes the results of a survey of representative samples of male and female population aged 25-64 years (19,520 people, of which 7,329 men and 12,191 women) from 13 regions of the Russian Federation. The nature of the diet was evaluated by the frequency of consumption of the main groups of products and individual eating habits (supplementation, the use of animal fats in cooking).

Results. Men of high literacy have higher consumption of raw vegetables and fruits — by 20%, dairy products — by 14%, including cheese — by 15%. There is also a lower consumption of meat and sausage products — by 17%, pickles — by 12% and poultry — by 11%. Less commonly, there is an adding more salt habit — by 18% and the use of animal fats in cooking — by 10%, more often — the consumption of low-fat and non-fat dairy products — by 22%, as well as raw sugar in an amount not exceeding 5% of the daily calorie content — by 21% The level of consumption of red meat, cereals and pasta, legumes, sweets, cottage cheese, sour cream and cream showed no significant differences with men of a different educational status. Women of high educational status more often include vegetables and fruits in their daily diet — by 14%, dairy products — by 18%, including cheese — by 15%. Less often they consume butter — by 12%, as well as foods with a high salt content: meat and sausage products — by 22% and pickles, marinades — by 15%. Russians with “above average” education are less likely to add more salt — by 14% and use animal fats in cooking — by 14%, more often they choose low-fat and nonfat dairy products — by 21%. In the level of consumption of red meat, cereals and pasta, legumes, sour cream and cream, there were no differences.

Conclusion. People with a high literacy in the Russian population regardless of gender differences have a more protective diet compared to people with a low educational status.

ESSE-RF study participants and article co-authors: Moscow: Zhernakova Yu. V., Boytsov S. A., St. Petersburg: Rotar O. P., Vladivostok: Kulakova N. V., Nevzorova V. A., Vladikavkaz: Astakhova Z. T., Vologda: Shabunova A. A., Volgograd: Nedogoda S. V., Voronezh: Chernykh T. M., Ivanovo: Belova O. A., Kemerovo: Artamonova G. V., Indukaeva E. V., Krasnoyarsk: Grinshtein Yu. I., Petrova M. M., Orenburg: Libis R. A., Samara: Duplyakov D. V., Tomsk: Trubacheva I. A., Kaveshnikov V. S., Serebryakova V. N., Tyumen: Efanov A. Yu., Medvedeva I. V., Shalaev S. V.

1. Vlismas K, Stavrinos V, Panagiotakos DB. Socio-economic status, dietary habits and health-related outcomes in various parts of the world: a review. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2009;17(2):55-63.

2. Galobardes B, Lynch J, Smith GD. Measuring socioeconomic position in health research. Br Med Bull. 2007;81-82(1):21-37

3. Galobardes B, Morabia A, Bernstein M. Diet and socioeconomic position: does the use of different indicators matter? Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(2):334-40.

4. Turrell G, Hewitt B, Patterson C, et al. Measuring socio-economic position in dietary research: is choice of socio-economic indicator important? Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(2):191-200.

5. Lopez-Azpiazu I, Sanchez-Villegas A, Johansson L, et al. Disparities in food habits in Europe: systematic review of educational and occupational differences in the intake of fat. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003;16(5):349-64.

6. Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, Prattala R, et al. Educational variations in the consumption of foods containing fat in Finland and the Baltic countries. Public Health Nutr. 2007 May;10(5):518-23. doi:10.1017/S1368980007246695.

7. Ball K, Crawford D, Mishra G. Socio-economic inequalities in women's fruit and vegetable intakes: a multilevel study of individual, social and environmental mediators. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(5):623-30.

8. Konttinen H, Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, et al. Socio-economic disparities in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and energy-dense foods: the role of motive priorities. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(5):873-82. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012003540.

9. Affret A, His M, Severi G, et al. Influence of a cancer diagnosis on changes in fruit and vegetable consumption according to cancer site, stage at diagnosis and socioeconomic factors: Results from the large E3N-EPIC study. Int J Cancer. 2018 May 1. doi:10.1002/ijc.31572.

10. Affret A, Severi G, Dow C, et al. Socio-economic factors associated with a healthy diet: results from the E3N study. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(9):1574-83. doi:10.1017/S1368980017000222.

11. Hulshof KF, Brussaard JH, Kruizinga AG, et al. Socioeconomic status, dietary intake and 10 y trends: The Dutch National Food Consumption Survey. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(1):128-37.

12. Katsarou A, Tyrovolas S, Psaltopoulou T, et al. Socio-economic status, place of residence and dietary habits among the elderly: The Mediterranean islands study. Public Health Nutrition. 2010;13(10):1614-21. doi:10.1017/S1368980010000479.

13. Boylan S, Lallukka T, Lahelma E, et al. Socio-economic circumstances and food habits in Eastern, Central and Western European populations. Public Health Nutr. 20110;14(4):678-87 doi:10.1017/S1368980010002570.

14. Oganov RG, Shalnova SA, Kalinina AM, et al. The Novel Method of assessment of individual total cardiovascular risk for the population of Russia. Kardiologija. 2008;5:87-91. (In Russ.)

15. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, et al. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(6):816-20.

16. Scientific Organizing Committee of the ESSE-RF. Epidemiology of cardio-vascular diseases in different regions of Russia (ESSE-RF). The rationale for and design of the study. Prevent Med. 2013;6:25-34. (In Russ.)

17. Healthy diet. Fact sheets. WHO, 23 October 2018 http://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet (по состоянию на 1.07.2019).

18. Prattala R, Hakala S, Roskam AJ, et al. Association between educational level and vegetable use in nine European countries. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(11):2174-82. doi:10.1017/S136898000900559X.

19. Irala-Estevez JD, Groth M, Johansson L, et al. A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(9):706-14.

20. Sanchez-Villegas A, Martinez JA, Prattala R, et al. A systematic review of socioeconomic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of cheese and milk. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(8):917-29.

21. Maksimov SA, Tabakaev MV, Danilchenko YV, et al. Stereotypes of eating behavior and analysis of the cardiovascular system of the population. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2017;(6):585-9. (In Russ.) doi:10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-6-585-589.

22. Karamnova NS, Shalnova SA, Deev AD, et al. Nutrition characteristics of adult inhabitants by ESSE-RF study. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2018; 17(4):61 -6. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2018-4-61-66.