Smoking, smoking cessation, and cardiovascular and all-cause death risk (a 34-year cohort prospective study)
https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2025-4424
EDN: ENXBBZ
Abstract
Aim. To study the effect of smoking and smoking cessation on the cardiovascular and all-cause death risk in a long-term 34-year cohort prospective study.
Material and methods. In 1988-1991, 1546 people (630 men and 916 women) aged 20-59 years were examined. Over 34-year follow-up, 556 deaths occurred, including 244 from cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
Results. Tobacco smoking increases the all-cause death risk by 2,4 times, and among people aged 20-39 by 3,5 times. Among men who quit smoking, the death risk is 1,9 times higher compared to nonsmokers. Among older people, quitting smoking did not affect the death risk. Smoking increases the cardiovascular death risk by 1,9 times, and among people under 40 by 3,6 times. Among those who quit smoking, the cardiovascular death is 1,7 times higher compared to non-smokers. The 34-year survival rate among non-smokers is 70,2%, smokers — 47,2%, and those who quit smoking — 57,1%.
Conclusion. A significant contribution of smoking to the increased cardiovascular and all-cause death risk was revealed. Smoking cessation in the older age group is accompanied by a persistent increased cardiovascular and all-cause death risk. The best age to quit smoking is before 40 years.
About the Authors
I. V. Dolgalev
Siberian State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Igor V. Dolgalev
Tomsk
A. Yu. Ivanova
Siberian State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Alena Yu. Ivanova
Tomsk
O. L. Sarkisova
Siberian State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Olga L. Sarkisova
Tomsk
V. M. Bykonya
Siberian State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Valeria M. Bykonya
Tomsk
References
1. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021. p.210. ISBN: 978 92 4003209 5.
2. Drapkina OM, Maksimov SA, Shalnova SA, et al. Prevalence of smoking and its changes over time in Russia: data from the ESSE-RF study. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023; 22(8S):3790. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3790.
3. Wang TW, Neff LJ, Park-Lee E, et al. E-cigarette use among middle and high school students — United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(37):1310-2. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1.
4. Zhukova OV, Kononova SV, Konyshkina TM. Statistical relationship between smoking and frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2019;22(1):7983. (In Russ.) doi:10.17116/profmed20192201179.
5. Vasil'ev YV. Peptic ulcer, Helicobacter pylori and tobacco smoking: pathogenetic aspects and treatment of patients Experimental & clinical gastroenterology. 2008;8:11-7. (In Russ.)
6. Kang HR, Kim SJ, Nam JG, et al. Impact of smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on all-cause, respiratory, and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2024;19:1261-72. doi:10.2147/COPD.S458356.
7. Sandhu RK, Jimenez MC, Chiuve SE, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation and risk of sudden cardiac death in women. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(6):1091-7. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.112.975219.
8. Thomson B, Islami F. Association of Smoking Cessation and Cardiovascular, Cancer, and Respiratory Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(1):110-2. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.6419.
9. Khalturina DA, Zamyatnina ES, Zubkova TS. The contribution of smoking to mortality in Russia in 2019. Demographic review. 2021;8(1):81-105. (In Russ.) doi:10.17323/demreview.v8i1.12394.
10. Dolgalev IV, Brazovskaya NG, Ivanova AYu, et al. Influence of arterial hypertension, smoking, and their combination on mortality (according to the results of a 27-year cohort prospective study of the unorganized population of Tomsk). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2019;(1):32-7. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2019-1-32-37.
11. Dolgalеv IV, Karpov RS, Zapodovnikov AK, et al. Dynamics of exposure to smoking of men and women in Tomsk according to the results of a 15 year prospective study. Health care of the Russian Federation. 2008;3:44-6. (In Russ.)
12. Cho ER, Brill IK, Gram IT, et al. Smoking Cessation and Short- and Longer-Term Mortality. NEJM Evid. 2024;3(3):EVIDoa2300272. doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2300272.
13. Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-Year Trends in Smoking-Related Mortality in the United States. New Engl J Med. 2013;368:35-64. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1211127.
14. Zaridze DG, Mukeria AF. Prevention of smoking-associated forms of cancer: harm reduction concept. Practical oncology. 2020;21(3):197-229. (In Russ.) doi:10.31917/2103197.
15. Carter BD, Abnet CC, Feskanich D, et al. Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes. New Engl J Med. 2015; 372(7):631-40. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1407211.
16. Efimova EV, Konobeevskaya IN, Maksimenko GV, et al. Smoking and cardiovascular mortality in Tomsk inhabitants as a typical city of Western Siberia. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2017;16(6):115-21. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2017-6-115-121.
17. Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, et al. 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):341-50. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1211128.
18. Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK, et al. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):133-41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61720-6.
Supplementary files
Review
For citations:
Dolgalev I.V., Ivanova A.Yu., Sarkisova O.L., Bykonya V.M. Smoking, smoking cessation, and cardiovascular and all-cause death risk (a 34-year cohort prospective study). Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2025;24(5):4424. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2025-4424. EDN: ENXBBZ
Views:
37
Email this article 
