THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL HEART CHANGES IN SPORTSMEN DEVELOPMENT
https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2014-5-94-102
Abstract
The review concerns the diagnostic criteria for and processes of cardiac sportsmen remodeling during systematic physical exertion. The results of various trials provided that show the development of “sportsman heart” in sportsmen as a result of morphological changes in cardiac stricture, related to genetic predisposition to the increase of the heart chambers, anatomic and functional characteristics of the heart according to the age and gender, that develop while making sports. The problems of sport cardiology are explored on border circulation conditions that lead to physiological hypertrophy either hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
About the Authors
A. S. SharykinRussian Federation
V. A. Badtieva
Russian Federation
P. A. Subbotin
Russian Federation
Z. G. Rubaeva
Russian Federation
N. E. Popova
Russian Federation
M. N. Khokhlova
Russian Federation
References
1. Linzbach AJ. Heart failure from the point of view of quantative anatomy. Am J Cardiol 1960; 5: 370-82.
2. Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clinic Investig 1975; 56: 56-64.
3. Gerdts E. Left ventricular structure in different types of chronic pressure overload. Eur Heart J 2008; 10: (Suppl E): E23-30.
4. Grant C, Greene DG, Bunnell IL. Left ventricular enlargement and hypertrophy: a clinical and angiocardiographic study. Am J Med 1965; 39: 895-904.
5. Kawamura K. Cardiac hypertrophy – scanned architecture, ultrastructure and cytochemistry of myocardial cells. Jap Circ J 1982;46:1012-30.
6. Egorova IF, Serov RA, Suhacheva TV. Increase in length cardiomyocyts as element of a dilatation of hypertrophied heart. Bull. Scientific center of cardiovascul. surgery of a name AN. Bakulev of the Russian Academy of Medical Science “Cardiovascular diseases” 2011; 12(1): 35-42. Russian (Егорова И. Ф., Серов Р. А., Сухачева Т.В. Увеличение длины кардиомиоцитов как элемент дилатации гипертрофированного сердца. Бюлл НЦССХ им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН “Серд.- сос. заболевания” 2011; 12(1): 35-42).
7. Gerdes AM. Cardiac myocyte remodeling in hypertrophiy and progression to failure. J Card Fail 2002; 8: S264-8.
8. Maron BJ, Ferrans VJ, Roberts WC. Ultrastructural features of degenerated cardiac muscle cells in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Pathol 1975; 79: 387-434.
9. Scharhag J, Schneider G, Urhausen A, et al. Athlete’s heart. Right and left ventricular mass and function in male endurance athletes and untrained individuals determined by magnetic resonance imaging. JAСC 2002; 40:1856-63.
10. Maron BJ. Structural features of the athlete heart as defined by echocardiography. JACC 1986; 7: 190-203.
11. Colan SD, Sanders SP, Borow KM. Physiologic Hypertrophy: Effects on left ventricular systolic mechanics in athletes. JAСC 1987; 9: 776-83.
12. Makan J, Sharma S, Firoozi S, et al. Physiological upper limits of ventricular cavity size in highly trained adolescent athletes. Heart 2005; 91: 495-9.
13. Scharhag J, Lollgen H, Rindermann W. Herz und Leistungssport: Nutzenoder Schaden? DeutschesArzteblatt 2013; 110:14-24.
14. Sharykin AS, Shilykovskaja EV, Kolesnikova MA, et al .Change of systolic function of the left ventricle at children of athletes in response to physical activity. Russ. messengerofaperinatol. andpediatrics 2010; 5: 83-9. Russian (Шарыкин А.С., Шилыковская Е. В., Колесникова М. А. и др. Изменение систолической функции левого желудочка у детей-спортсменов в ответ на физическую нагрузку. Росс вестник перинатол и педиатрии 2010; 5: 83-9).
15. Sonnenblik EH, Braunwald E, Williams JF, et al. Effects of exercise on myocardial force — velocity relations in intact unanesthetized man: relative roles of changes in heart rate, sympathetic activity, and ventricular dimensions. J Clin Invest 1965; 44: 2051-62.
16. Maron BJ, Pelliccia A, Spirito P. Insights Into Methods for Distinguishing Athlete’s Heart From Structural Heart Disease, With Particular Emphasis on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1995; 91: 1596-601.
17. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, et al. The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 295-301.
18. Kampmann C, Wiethoff CM, Wenzel A, et al. Normal values of M mode echocardiographic measurements of more than 2000 healthy infants and children in central Europe. Heart 2000; 83: 667-72.
19. Pettersen MD, Du W, Skeens ME, Humes RA. Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 2: 922-34.
20. Braunvald E, Ross Dzh, Zonnenblik EH. Mechanisms of reduction of heart in norm and at insufficiency. Translation from English. Pshennikova MG. M, Medicine, 1974; 176 p. Russian (Браунвальд Е., Росс Дж., Зонненблик Е. Х. Механизмы сокращения сердца в норме и при недостаточности. Перевод с англ. М. Г. Пшенниковой. М. Медицина 1974; 176 с).
21. Pelliccia A, Maron B, Culassio F, et al. Athlete`s heart in women. Echocardiographic characterisation of highly trained female athletes. JAMA 1996; 276: 211-5.
22. Sharma S, Maron BJ, Whyte G, et al. Physiologic limits of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite junior athletes: relevance to differential diagnosis of athlete’s heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC 2002; 40: 1431-6.
23. De Stefano LM, Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB. Myocardial dysfunction with increased ventricular compliance in volume overload hypertrophy. Eur J Heart Failure 2006; 8: 784-9.
24. Summers MR, Prasad A. Takotsubocardiomyopaty. Definition and clinical profile. Heart Failure Clin 2013; 9: 111-22.
25. AbouEzzeddine O, Prasad A. Apical ballooning syndrome precipitated by hyponatremia. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145: e26-9.
26. Goldstein RA, Haynie M. Limited myocardial perfusion reserve in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J NucI Med 1990; 31: 255-8.
27. Kozakova M, Palombo C, Pratali L, et al. Epicardial coronary artery response to maximal arteriolar vasodilation parallels myocardial hypertrophy in endurance athletes: A transesophageal echo study. JACC 1996; 27 (2s1): 379.
28. Teichholz L, KreulenT, Herman M, Gorlin R. Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37: 7-11.
29. Dickhuth H, Roecker K, Niess A, et al. The echocardiographic determination of volume and muscle mass of the heart. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17:132-9.
30. Sharma S, Elliott PM, Whyte G, et al. Utility of Metabolic Exercise Testing in Distinguishing Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy from Physiologic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Athletes. JACC 2000; 36: 864-70.
31. Bluemke DA, Kronmal RA, Lima JAC, et al. The Relationship of Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry to Incident Cardiovascular Events. The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) Study. JACC 2008; 52: 2148-55.
32. Sharykin AS, Shilykovskaja EV, Kolesnikova MA, Popova NE. Features of dynamics of echocardiographic indicators in response to the dosed physical activity at children with a congenital aortal stenosis. Russ. messenger of a perinatol and pediatrics 2010; 6:55-61. Russian (Шарыкин А. С., Шилыковская Е.В., Колесникова М. А., Попова Н. Е. Особенности динамики эхокардиографи- ческих показателей в ответ на дозированную физическую нагрузку у детей с врожденным аортальным стенозом. Россвестник перинатоли педиатр. 2010; 6: 55-61).
33. King G, Foley JB, Royse CF, et al. Myocardial stiffness and the timing difference between tissue Doppler imaging Ea and peak mitral valve opening can distinguish physiological hypertrophy in athletes from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiography 2006; 7: 423-9.
34. Sheppard MN. Aetiology of sudden cardiac death in sport: a histopathologist’s perspective. Br J SportsMed 2012;46 (Suppl I): i15-21.
35. Norton GR, Woodiwiss AJ, Gaasch WH, et al. Heart failure in pressure overload hypertrophy. The relative roles of ventricular remodeling and myocardial dysfunction. JACC 2002; 39: 664-71.
Review
For citations:
Sharykin A.S., Badtieva V.A., Subbotin P.A., Rubaeva Z.G., Popova N.E., Khokhlova M.N. THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL HEART CHANGES IN SPORTSMEN DEVELOPMENT. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2014;13(5):94-102. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2014-5-94-102